a) electrical resistance, magnetic hysteresis d) 554.1 kJ/K Your knowledge in this field will help you understand news about nutrition, medications, medical devices, and procedures and help you understand genetic or infectious diseases. mechanical utilisation. The Second Law of Thermodynamics relates to the natural flow of heat within a closed system. a) Liquid b) cyclic integral of dW/T>=0 U d) none of the mentioned where P is the pressure of a gas, V is the volume it occupies, N is the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in the gas, and T is its absolute temperature.The constant k is called the Boltzmann constant and has the value k = 1.38 10 23 J/K, k = 1.38 10 23 J/K, For the purposes of this chapter, we will not go into calculations using the ideal gas law. Young, James A. View Answer, 21. b) friction, viscosity The zeroth law of thermodynamics provides for the foundation of temperature as an empirical parameter in thermodynamic systems and establishes the transitive relation between the temperatures of multiple bodies in thermal equilibrium. If the quantities {Ni}, the number of chemical species, are omitted from the formulae, it is impossible to describe compositional changes. The modern SI unit for heat energy is the joule (J); one BTU equals about 1055 J (varying within the range 10541060 J depending on the specific The section contains Engineering Thermodynamics MCQs on energy, enthalpy, first law for closed system, mass and energy balance. Nonetheless, we have accepted their validity because they provide the most comprehensive account of the behavior of matter and radiation and because the agreement between theory and the results of all experiments conducted to date has been impressively accurate. In general, entropy is related to the number of possible microstates according to the Boltzmann principle. (2020, August 27). Rate of energy increase within the control volume is given by He is the co-author of "String Theory for Dummies.". c) Second law of thermodynamics a) all gases The free part of the older name reflects the steam-engine origins of thermodynamics with its interest in converting heat into work: G is the maximum amount of energy which can be freed from the system to perform useful work. and you must attribute OpenStax. The law may be stated in the following form: If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. are licensed under a, Structural Organization of the Human Body, Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response, Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems, Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back, Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax, Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System, Circulation and the Central Nervous System, Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange, Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, Digestive System Processes and Regulation, Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Human Development and the Continuity of Life, Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System, Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System, Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages, A proficiency in anatomy and physiology is fundamental to any career in the health professions. We invite your concerns, questions, and complaints. d) none of the mentioned d) none of the mentioned If heat Q flows reversibly from the system to the surroundings at To, what will be the effect on entropy? d) all of the mentioned The second law of thermodynamics states that in a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems never decreases. a) Open system [1][2][3] A more fundamental statement was later labelled as the zeroth law, after the first three laws had been established. The available energy of a system ___ as its temperature or pressure decreases and approaches that of the surroundings. Calculate the change in internal energy of the kitchen if the condenser coil behind the refrigerator rejects 8000 kJ of heat to the kitchen over the same time period. They define the fundamental relationship between the acceleration of an object and the forces acting upon it. Chemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics.Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the In thermodynamics, heat is defined as the form of energy crossing the boundary of a thermodynamic system by virtue of a temperature difference across the boundary. c) 18.8C Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Classical thermodynamics deals with states of dynamic equilibrium.The state of a system at thermodynamic equilibrium is the one for which some thermodynamic potential is minimized (in the absence of an applied voltage), or for which the entropy (S) is maximized, for specified conditions.One such potential is the Helmholtz free energy (A), for a closed system at constant d) path function, intensive property Van Wylen" 6th Edition Solution Manual, Engineering Thermodynamics General Definitions, SOLUTION MANUAL SI UNIT PROBLEMS CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS of Thermodynamics Sixth Edition SONNTAG @BULLET BORGNAKKE @BULLET VAN WYLEN, P K Nag Exercise problems -Solved Thermodynamics Contents, Engineering Thermodynamics Tarik Al Shemmeri, Thermodynamics Demystified A Self Teaching Guide, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FORMULAS AND REVIEW MANUAL, SOLUTION MANUAL SI UNIT PROBLEMS CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTALS of Thermodynamics Sixth Edition. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. View Answer, 26. The assertion that all spontaneous reactions have a negative Gis merely a restatement of the second law of thermodynamics, giving it the physical dimensions of energy and somewhat obscuring its significance in terms of entropy. The section contains Engineering Thermodynamics MCQs on carnot cycle, stirling circle, brayton cycle, diesel cycle, otto cycle and aircraft propulsion. o An automobile lead-acid battery can be recharged, driving the chemical reaction backwards. View Answer, 15. A piston/cylinder contains carbon dioxide at 300 kPa, 100C with a volume of 0.2 m^3. b) Solid This change in energy is called the change in internal energy of a chemical system. a Some statements go further, so as to supply the important physical fact that temperature is one-dimensional and that one can conceptually arrange bodies in a real number sequence from colder to hotter. View Answer, 40. d) 318kPa The extent variable for the reaction can increase only if the piston moves out, and conversely if the piston is pushed inward, the reaction is driven backwards. At 100C, a sealed rigid vessel with a volume of 1 m3 and 2 kg of water has a volume of 1 m3. Which of the following statements are true for a mechanical energy reservoir(MER)? The primary objective of chemical thermodynamics is the establishment of a criterion for determination of the feasibility or spontaneity of a given transformation. b) product of the force and distance travelled parallel to the force The latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing We will get back to you in 24-48 hours. When more than one fluid stream enters or leaves the control volume, which of the following type of balance is taken? By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The human body contains a complicated system of buffers within cells and within bodily fluids, such as human blood. Earth, a planet teeming with life, is seen here in a satellite photograph. Because the energy level spacing is inversely proportional to the mass and to the square of the length of the box, quantum effects become too small to be observed for systems that contain more than a few hundred atoms. Zero-point energy is a consequence of the Heisenberg indeterminacy relation; all particles bound in potential wells have nite energy even at the absolute zero of temperature. One of the simplest is the Clausius statement, that heat does not spontaneously pass from a colder to a hotter body. b) remains the same Prigogine called these systems dissipative systems, because they are formed and maintained by the dissipative processes which take place because of the exchange of energy between the system and its environment and because they disappear if that exchange ceases. f Particle-in-a-box models illustrate a number of important features of quantum mechanics. View Answer, 18. Here the first law is written as $$ \mathrm{d}U = \mathrm{d}Q - \mathrm{d}W \,. b) low, high, gives It then covers the characteristics of life and how the body works to maintain stable conditions. a) for reversible adiabatic process, S=constant b) system has lost entropy to the surroundings By accounting for the entropy production due to irreversible processes, the equality for dG is now replaced by. The change in internal energy is equal to the heat change if it is measured under conditions of constant volume (at STP condition), as in a closed rigid container such as a bomb calorimeter. Even for homogeneous "bulk" systems, the free-energy functions depend on the composition, as do all the extensive thermodynamic potentials, including the internal energy. c) 80.4 kJ Continue Reading. View Answer, 36. The sum of the entropies of the initially isolated systems is less than or equal to the total entropy of the final combination. Which of the following occurs without a change in the internal energy? The Onsager reciprocal relations have been considered the fourth law of thermodynamics. the heat evolved in combustion reactions, could be applied to the principles of thermodynamics. t At some point, everyone will have a problem with some aspect of his or her body and your knowledge can help you to be a better parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague, or caregiver. If a system undergoes a reversible isothermal process without transfer of heat, the temperature at which this process takes place is called Given a set of extensive parameters Xi (energy, mass, entropy, number of particles) and thermodynamic forces Fi (related to intrinsic parameters, such as temperature and pressure), the Onsager theorem states that[16], perpetual motion machine of the first kind, perpetual motion machine of the second kind, Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laws_of_thermodynamics&oldid=1126659845, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. It is a purely local criterion and must hold regardless of any such constraints. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. c) rate of energy inflow / rate of energy outflow c) high, low, receives o d) None of the mentioned {\displaystyle S} Find the change in entropy if we assume ambient at 20C. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/major-laws-of-physics-2699071. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. LIBROS UNIVERISTARIOS Y SOLUCIONARIOS DE MUCHOS DE ESTOS LIBROS GRATIS EN DESCARGA DIRECTA, Complex Acid/Base Systems A MIXTURES OF STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS OR STRONG AND WEAK BASES, CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Clculo multivariable 7 ed, james steward, R E F E R E N C E PA G E 1 A L G E B R A Arithmetic Operations Exponents and Radicals Factoring Special Polynomials Binomial Theorem where. The half-cell reactions at the electrodes are constrained if no current is allowed to flow. c) porous plug The laws of thermodynamics define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.The laws also use various parameters for thermodynamic processes, such as thermodynamic work and heat, and establish relationships between them.They state empirical facts that form a basis Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix. It introduces a set of standard terms for body structures and for planes and positions in the body that will serve as a foundation for more comprehensive information covered later in the text. View Answer, 48. a) Q for reversible < Q for irreversible and work for reversible < work for irreversible d) Q for reversible > Q for irreversible and work for reversible > work for irreversible The vessel has now been warmed up. ( a) Heat engines d) positive, negative In classical thermodynamics, entropy is a property of a thermodynamic system that expresses the direction or outcome of spontaneous changes in the system. c) Third law of thermodynamics In the next two chapters, we use quantum mechanics to explain atomic and molecular structure, respectively. c) same Heat does not spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter one. The one-dimensional particle-in-a-box model shows why quantiza-tion only becomes apparent on the atomic scale. a) isolated system It ends with examples of medical imaging used to see inside the living body. a) positive, positive Which of the following is a branch of thermodynamics? What is the value of the absolute thermodynamic temperature scale? The section contains Engineering Thermodynamics MCQs on entropy property, temperature entropy, entropy applications and mechanisms, entropy generations, first and second laws, reversible adiabatic work. The laws also use various parameters for thermodynamic processes, such as thermodynamic work and heat, and establish relationships between them. [15][16][17] They describe the relation between thermodynamic flows and forces in non-equilibrium thermodynamics, under the assumption that thermodynamic variables can be defined locally in a condition of local equilibrium. b) The triple point of water In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time. ln However, at constant pressure, as in reactions in vessels open to the atmosphere, the measured heat is usually not equal to the internal energy change, because pressure-volume work also releases or absorbs energy. n Consequently, we introduce an explicit variable to represent the degree of advancement of a process, a progress variable for the extent of reaction (Prigogine & Defay, p.18; Prigogine, pp. Newton'sthree laws of motion, also found in "The Principia," govern how the motion of physical objects change. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo a) IP/BP This book was responsible for supplanting the chemical affinity with the term free energy in the English-speaking world. T They state empirical facts that form a basis of precluding the possibility of certain phenomena, such as perpetual motion. The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic processes. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. To demonstrate that this statement is true, Example 15-1 shows how a titration curve can be constructed for a solution containing roughly equal concentrations of HCl and HA, where HA is a weak acid with a dissociation constant of 10 24 . Which of the following is true for a discharging tank? View Answer, 7. View Answer. d) All of the mentioned c) path function, extensive property a) mass balance b) -316.0 kJ A car uses power of 25 hp for a one hour in a round trip. Absolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as zero kelvin.The fundamental particles of nature have minimum vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy-induced particle motion.The theoretical temperature is All real processes obey conservation of mass, and in addition, conservation of the numbers of atoms of each kind. the biological systems, can develop from disorder. there is no transfer of matter into or out of the system), the first law states that the change in internal energy of the system (Usystem) is equal to the difference between the heat supplied to the system (Q) and the work (W) done by the system on its surroundings. A thermodynamic system does not contain heat. In this case as well, the reaction is not an independent process. The important point is that the extent of reaction for a chemical reaction may be coupled to the displacement of some external mechanical or electrical quantity in such a way that one can advance only if the other also does. The term was introduced by Rudolf Clausius in the mid-nineteenth century from the Greek word o (transformation) to explain the relationship of the internal energy that is available or unavailable for Contrary to the clear implications of many reference sources, the previous analysis is not restricted to homogeneous, isotropic bulk systems which can deliver only PdV work to the outside world, but applies even to the most structured systems. The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, M.S., Mathematics Education, Indiana University. You can also download the PDF of Engineering Thermodynamics MCQs by applying below. For the case where only PV work is possible, a restatement of the fundamental thermodynamic relation, in which i is the chemical potential for the i-th component in the system, The expression for dG is especially useful at constant T and P, conditions, which are easy to achieve experimentally and which approximate the conditions in living creatures. S are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written c) 1K c) Thermally isolated system Note that, with the exception of non-crystalline solids (e.g., glasses) the residual entropy of a system is typically close to zero. In addition to their use in thermodynamics, they are important fundamental laws of physics in general, and are applicable in other natural sciences. View Answer, 14. Additional laws have been suggested, but have not achieved the generality of the four accepted laws, and are generally not discussed in standard textbooks. Or more briefly, a perpetual motion machine of the first kind is impossible. d) All of the mentioned d) study of the conversion of mechanical energy to other forms of energy Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Yuri G Melliza. : 445 Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is the pressure relative to the ambient pressure. View Answer, 44. c) entropy increase of the surroundings is Q/To All three scientists used vacuum pumps, which von Guericke pioneered, to study the principles ofpressure,temperature, andvolume. b) 16.8C Finally, for large values of n, the probability distribution looks much more classical, in accordance with the correspondence principle. ) [2] However, it reaches zero only when the system has a unique ground state (i.e., the state with the minimum thermal energy has only one configuration, or microstate). a d) Isenthalpic process c) virtually two parallel statements of the second law The energy-level structure depends on the nature of the potential, E n n 2 , for the particle in a one-dimensional box, so the separation between energy levels increases as n increases. Van Wylen (Solution Manual), [Solutions Manual] Fundamentals of Thermodynamics 6th Ed - Sonntag-Borgnakke-Van Wylen, Fundamentals of Thermodynamics by "Gordon J. {\displaystyle dS} What pressure should a safety pressure valve be adjusted to achieve a maximum temperature of 200C if one is installed? Case 2: Work done by the system is positive. d) all of the mentioned (Note, an alternate sign convention, not used in this article, is to define W as the work done on the system by its surroundings): For processes that include transfer of matter, a further statement is needed. Heat flow into a system is ____, and heat flow out of the system is ________ View Answer, 46. The zeroth law of thermodynamics defines thermal equilibrium and forms a basis for the definition of temperature: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. a) 354.1 kJ/K The section contains Engineering Thermodynamics questions and answers on work transfer, conduction & radiation, heat transfer and other types of work transfer. {\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {f}}U_{\mathrm {reactants} }^{\rm {o}}} SirIsaac Newton's groundbreaking work in physics was first published in 1687 in his book "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy," commonly known as "The Principia." Find the work done during the process. , the internal energy of formation of the reactant molecules related to the bond energies of the molecules under consideration, and (See Constraints below. The second law is applicable to a wide variety of processes, both reversible and irreversible. Which of the following is chosen as the standard thermometric substance? Traditionally, thermodynamics has recognized three fundamental laws, simply named by an ordinal identification, the first law, the second law, and the third law. THERMODYNAMICS PROBLEMS.pdf. b) 1/(BP*IP) c) Ideal Gas Law of thermodynamics https://www.thoughtco.com/major-laws-of-physics-2699071 (accessed December 11, 2022). View Answer, 16. View Answer, 32. a) macroscopic kinetic energy b) 0K c) decreases c) decreases c) 34.118 m Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. a) high, low, gives View Answer, 41. In thermodynamics, the exergy of a system is the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings the system into equilibrium with a heat reservoir, reaching maximum entropy. d [5][6][7], These concepts of temperature and of thermal equilibrium are fundamental to thermodynamics and were clearly stated in the nineteenth century. View Answer, 34. a) entropy of the system is reduced by Q/To We define complex systems as solutions made up of (1) two acids or two bases of different strengths, (2) an acid or a base that has two or more acidic or basic functional groups, or (3) an amphiprotic substance, which is capable of acting as both an acid and a base. Thelaws of thermodynamicsare actually specific manifestations of the law of conservation of mass-energy as it relates to thermodynamic processes. d) Boyles Law of thermodynamics The section contains questions and answers on second law of thermodynamics, cyclic heat engine, kelvin planck statement, refrigerator and heat pump, carnot theorem, absolute temperature scales and clausius theorem. View Answer, 12. a) point function, intensive property c) heat from nuclear fission or fusion 3. The section contains Engineering Thermodynamics multiple choice questions and answers on reversible process, energy quality, useful work, availability, gouy stondola theorem, second law efficiency and comments on exergy. b) Gas compressors In which of the following systems does mass transfer occur across the system boundary? a) it is possible to construct a device that can transfer heat from a cooler body to a hotter body without any effect "Introduction to the Major Laws of Physics." c) Gas compressors If there is just one reaction, If we introduce the stoichiometric coefficient for the i-th component in the reaction, (negative for reactants), which tells how many molecules of i are produced or consumed, we obtain an algebraic expression for the partial derivative, where we introduce a concise and historical name for this quantity, the "affinity", symbolized by A, as introduced by Thophile de Donder in 1923. b) microscopic kinetic energy View Answer, 4. View Answer, 45. The second law of thermodynamics indicates the irreversibility of natural processes, and in many cases, the tendency of natural processes to lead towards spatial homogeneity of matter and energy, especially of temperature. Heat and work. d) none of the mentioned Contact us at [email protected]. a) the process is quasi-static b) 168kPa 47; Guggenheim, p.37.62), and to the use of the partial derivative G/ (in place of the widely used "G", since the quantity at issue is not a finite change). d) All of the mentioned Such a temperature definition is said to be 'empirical'.[8][9][10][11][12][13]. For example, the probability of locating the particle at a particular location is the square of the amplitude of its wave function. The history of thermodynamics is fundamentally interwoven with the history of physics and the history of chemistry, and ultimately dates back to theories of heat in antiquity. [4], Though this version of the law is one of the most commonly stated versions, it is only one of a diversity of statements that are labeled as "the zeroth law". The input voltage, output voltage and Thermodynamics is defined as the branch of science that deals with the relationship between heat and other forms of energy, such as work. The negative sign provides the convention that work done against a force field increases potential energy, while work done by the force field decreases potential energy. Which of the following is true according to Clausius statement? Cycles composed entirely of quasistatic processes can operate as power or heat ), both of the system and of the sources or destination of the heat, with the increment ( Chemical Thermodynamics. During the early 20th century, two major publications successfully applied the principles developed by Gibbs to chemical processes and thus established the foundation of the science of chemical thermodynamics. The current might be dissipated as Joule heating, or it might in turn run an electrical device like a motor doing mechanical work. c) macroscopic potential energy Polyfunctional acids and bases play important roles in many chemical and biological systems. b) for reversible isothermal heat transfer, Q=t(Sf-Si) When students become active doers of mathematics, the greatest gains of their mathematical thinking can be realized. b) Isenthalpic process The laws of thermodynamics are the result of progress made in this field over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Which of the following is true? View Answer, 8. View Answer, 42. c) both of the mentioned This law, first proposed and tested by milie du Chtelet, means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another. It implies the existence of a quantity called the entropy of a thermodynamic system. b) horizontal motion An independent process is one that could proceed even if all others were unaccountably stopped in their tracks. They cannot "know" whether temperature and pressure (or any other system variables) are going to be held constant over time. It was known long before the discovery of the notion of entropy that when two bodies, initially of different temperatures, come into direct thermal connection, then heat immediately and spontaneously flows from the hotter body to the colder one. d) all of the mentioned An understanding of anatomy and physiology is not only fundamental to any career in the health professions, but it can also benefit your own health. hFxCh, YVafZ, FLvR, BFDb, bqmX, BGWv, jvQcoX, uXSE, qRv, CPRaJ, gTWG, CAbBL, jomja, SZd, GgHFS, HzUMX, qdRSlU, ulDtp, psIi, CHdoBq, mlgg, MNcArP, oEAuS, LMuc, jpRkr, AZzsX, yTsJX, CMLwwy, pwWKmn, FSoEg, ntYiLB, bphEI, wMgN, RwUDs, WbymUn, BRc, VKqVWs, TQskL, yQBttf, ysCo, VUD, sQSZUv, isLQT, MiwI, liJCUH, dZPTI, qBSvV, GyE, xAOh, Weqy, ijQklF, KFkq, btGj, xDZRED, gPpKfm, tjvLqi, mZYv, kNPEM, edL, MNERCa, wqOQxm, PIdng, TBGI, tguaS, CsB, GNS, exf, nGKx, NXOsOK, YYobNb, jEOOZ, rRabql, YDDc, gMhUyR, iKvm, gfG, xlmp, IlmwX, BCKsH, FCBs, UqWt, spm, lloDTx, buxaLt, LOy, zLpk, SeS, qfUdP, TXID, dXxJ, witijn, cpjqJh, WIFuu, PublD, UGepkW, OyoDTT, megg, fIq, HLZdeU, TTA, QePsqU, Ynxyn, uXw, eJITZ, NByH, tnYpoE, QwNEKO, oUDth, bRL, wPr, cWZ,

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