0000002012 00000 n Ensuring the right to education in emergencies and building resilience in the face of crisis. endobj The current COVID-19 pandemic has forced public and private organisations, companies and institutions as well as individuals to change their behaviours during lockdown to maintain social distancing. !' J2v3kk#x|M89Mw 0000004247 00000 n Research shows that the discussion method is better than the lecture method in terms of students academic achievement [89]. Developing digital self-efficacy and technological proficiency can also minimise some fears and anxieties while individuals engage in a self-regulated learning process [67, 68]. Decentralised power such as power given to local authorities should be implemented in the education sector for developing and under-developing countries. << In the current situation imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, many individuals including students and educators may have experienced mental stress and distress [38, 39] due to the changes in personal, social and economic circumstances such as being stuck at home, domestic violence, unemployment, loss of a job, loss of loved one or family breakdown [40, 41, 42, 43]. However, what are the practicalities of such suggestions when a student seeks help for a mental health problem during his or her educational journey? aT71=oJcjk{0XH'9.sz(#-@Z`%cgSgMC?fC&= L0 w08FW #xT&"[^^ [Of5mbsKUc) /6{zl>VI 0000008138 00000 n Susan Fisher is the Emergency Management Coordinator at California State University, Fullerton. For instance, these universities allow their students and staff to borrow laptop or desktop computers, headphones with microphones, and ergonomic keyboards and chairs (especially for staff). Students high satisfaction of learning, as they claim, is associated with lower dropout rates, increase engagement, learning success and dedication to the programmes they enrolled. Students' Affective Engagement, Parental Involvement, and Teacher Support in Emergency Remote Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Survey in China. As a consequence, changes in motivation, loss of focus and control, and significant tension that the student experiences are the problems that both the student and the teacher must resolve. Education is a tool for protecting and safeguarding children in emergencies as they are extremely vulnerable in situations. The proportion of paper-based traditional tests should be reduced as much as possible and continuous, holistic assessment must be focused [86]. Education for All (EFA) is a tool for social cohesion, whereas educational discrepancies lead to poverty for the uneducated and fuel civil conflict. /Annots [12 0 R] Drawing upon data from a cross-sectional survey conducted in eight middle schools in eastern China (a sample size of 1,550 students and 1,550 parents), we employed multiple linear regressions with school fixed effects to examine the associations among student affective engagement, parental involvement, and teacher support in an emergency remote teaching environment. By Beatriz De Castro Magalhes, Adriana Vieira Nobre, By Isla Camilla Carvalho Laureano, Alidianne Fbia Ca IntechOpen Limited Educators and practitioners, with short notice and little preparation time, were confronted with redesigning their curricula, changing their pedagogical and assessment practices from face-to-face to online virtual classrooms and embracing additional pastoral care of their students in order to maintain their wellbeing and the quality of the educational experience and performance. Drawing upon data from a cross-sectional survey conducted Interest in artificial intelligence and online technologies [110, 111, 112] has amplified significantly in universities, showing that there are useful platforms in aiding teaching and learning as well as increasing students motivation and engagement. 1-256-782-8053. There is evidence, however, that students with high levels of mental health problems prefer to keep their difficulties concealed rather than disclosing them [77]. Supporting a nationwide systems approach to EMS education. Despite many barriers and challenges, online teaching and learning have undoubtedly improved further with the passage of time. 1 0 obj endobj At the end of the day, the focus of e-learning should be all about the students academic attainments their learning, their academic results, and so much more. Strategies for supporting emergency education depend on the type of emergency. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1481803500007545 Published online by Cambridge University Press. /Subtype /XML hXn6%yp'40SmD5 qIKQ9wDIA%*K"&$Zqb,(b$9p,p$\"\+AJo7$KJGg8FuZ''p"9@9CuK6p? They are also deprived of their friends and associates physical presence in their everyday life. Education is vital to the reconstruction of the socio-economic and cultural basis of family, local and national life and for sustainable development and peacebuilding. Education is a fundamental right and a basic need for children caught in humanitarian crises. Around the world, people have been managing mental health and mental illness in different ways [37]. Higher education lecturers, who develop their own modules, in their module design, they should take into consideration, recognise and acknowledge the importance of good mental health in learning and incorporate tailored interventions, feedback and advice, and support accordingly [48]. endstream endobj 286 0 obj <>stream 0000336628 00000 n /Parent 3 0 R During any natural or man-made crisis, education in emergencies increasingly serves as shorthand for schooling and other organised studies, together with normalising structured activities, arranged for and with children, young people and adults whose lives have been disrupted by conflict and major natural disasters ([19], p. 4). << Everyone, including children, young people, young adults, students, and scholars, is influenced by online learning. In addition, LePine et al. Even though numerous programmes have been delivered through e-learning in different educational institutions including schools, colleges and universities, this is the first time for most teachers and students to use virtual teaching and learning tools and technologies in their full-time education programmes. Some primary and secondary level students become dependent on their parents or other family members to participate in their virtual class due to lack of technological skills for using online learning tools [80, 81, 82]. endobj The consistent growth in technology and internet accessibility has increased the thrust for online teaching and learning [26], but Joshi et al. The term morality refers to the theoretical, systemic, and logical analysis of human actions and interactions. This process of collegiality support the transformation of traditional education, to enable it to be successful, through blended and online experiences, in developing better learning outcomes for their students [87]. %%EOF /Filter /FlateDecode The crisis further revealed the flaws in the global education systems and taught a lesson that in this twenty-first century with all technological advancement, most nations are not prepared for educational crises, which require new approaches to education and emerging innovative pedagogies. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Emergency remote teaching has been widely implemented in the education system worldwide to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Due to sudden switching to emergency remote teaching and learning, learners are not prepared, and they are less confident to follow the virtual instructions of their teachers. In the sudden emergency remote teaching and learning, especially designing and delivering education at short notice, has made digital technologies a ubiquitous requirement for teachers and students to continue their teaching and learning, and especially for higher education institutions to provide education. Education provides a channel for conveying health and survival messages as well as tools and techniques for teaching new skills and values, such as peace, tolerance, conflict resolutions, democracy, human rights, environmental conservation. 7 0 obj Such mental stress can create various kinds of feelings or behaviours which directly or indirectly impact on their health and wellbeing, learning and educational attainments [44]. Considerations should be given to education sessions, as the number of lessons may be increased or decreased for an optimum period considering the nature of emergencies, i.e. 191 0 obj <> endobj /Resources 21 0 R Do you have any tips for conveying the importance of an Emergency Manager to the administration? >> endobj xref %PDF-1.6 % Many universities of the developed nations (e.g. Being stuck at home, people may find more time to keep them engaged in learning activities [5, 29]. Likewise, ORegan [46] described mental wellbeing as being vital during online learning and his research has put mental health at the centre of the teaching and learning process. Fiedler and Beier [58] indicated that an educational environment such as an e-learning context is full of experience, anxiety, and fun, anger, and satisfaction, dissatisfaction, and pride (p. 36). Thus, [t]eaching and learning practices which foster both cooperation and competition, independence and self-evaluation, can build the strength of students voices in ways that do not deny learners self-identity and values ([76], pp. In this vein, the chapter has explored how experienced and new users of emerging technologies are dealing with the new circumstances. ONeil and Spielberger [60] contended that extreme stress and pressure degrade understanding and thus inadequate learning (all of which may have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic) may be elicited by limited memory, attention span or decision-making, regardless of having the engaged motivation. endobj That is why, the UNHCR ([15], online), explains that [e]ducation in emergencies provides immediate physical and psychosocial protection, as well as life-saving knowledge and skills (for example, with respect to disease prevention, self-protection, and awareness of rights). It is a great opportunity from the students point of view that they can access the materials at anytime from anywhere and revisit or revise the available resources [30, 31]. teachers, instructors or trainers). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, online distance teaching and learning have become a necessity to maintain continuity of education. >> jcX_JKrMQY4qVpz"]B'8M CKwBG% 'u)mu>xJhw[sesRN:sc|f%73#VjrgoB} Values are associated with human beliefs and attitudes. As defined, mental health is a condition of a person that includes emotional, psychological, and social wellbeing [36]. endstream endobj 655 0 obj <>/Metadata 31 0 R/Names 680 0 R/OpenAction 656 0 R/Outlines 50 0 R/Pages 652 0 R/StructTreeRoot 103 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 656 0 obj <> endobj 657 0 obj <. Virtual classes can exacerbate underlying mental health issues for many students. Education, in general, is life-saving, life-sustaining and life-transforming life-long process ([10], p. 2) and in emergencies, it creates the learning opportunities for individuals and can equip them to face on-going crises as well as crises to come[11]. According to Piaget [91], primary education learners are in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development and therefore they might not be able to think in the abstract ways that come in the formal operational stage of adolescence. According to Rogers [88], learners, teachers and parents in pandemic circumstances need to accept virtual or emergency remote education. >> These supports could include helping in exam preparation, managing finances, personal tutoring, supporting for coping with homesickness, maintaining relationships with families or worrying about future employment or career prospects. For students, mental wellbeing may be improved by taking part in evidence-based online teaching and learning orientation [71], by getting access to course materials as early as possible, by warm welcoming addresses from the teacher, or by continuous teaching presence in an e-learning setting [72]. These could include sleeping too much or too little, getting away from usual activities, feeling low energy, feeling hopeless and down, developing habits of smoking or drinking, getting confused or upset, being worried about the current situation and the unseen and unpredictable future [40, 41, 42, 43]. PLEASE NOTE: The tools and resources identified in this document are not intended as endorsements and are merely offered as examples that you may consider in your own planning efforts. Cassandra Stelter is the emergency manager for Gonzaga University. The many lessons described in this article are a terrific start in identifying the endless and important responsibilities thrust upon the higher education emergency manager. endobj Educational mobile apps must be developed for children, adolescents, adults, and also for physically disabled students, for those who have hearing problems and for learners who are partially or fully blind. This chapter outlines strategies, in general, for the education sector, and in particular, institutions and individuals to be better prepared for future emergencies through the opportunities e-learning offers. Online distance learning (ODL) is the use of the internet and some other important technologies to develop materials for educational purposes, instructional delivery and management of the educational programmes [23, 24]. With the help of virtual psychotherapy and mental health clinicians, students will be able to improve their mental health and wellbeing and acknowledge the meaning of life in emergencies. Emergency situations can exclude large numbers of children and others from receiving any form of education. @!tN %PDF-1.4 % How? 285 0 obj <>stream Therefore, education in emergencies could be defined as education that is provided during times of crisis created by conflicts or disasters ([10], p. 2). Contact our London head office or media team here. For example, most of the UK universities have capacity to have 250+ students to join in their online session(s) at the same time. 0000342381 00000 n Students are equally valued in all respects by teachers whether they are on campus face-to-face class or in a virtual class. /Rotate 0 In reality, there are many things to learn from this situation for preparing to address similar emergencies in the future. Safe education. If children and youth receive a good quality education in a safe manner during and after an emergency, they will be exposed less frequently to activities that put them at risk. However, the increase in emergency management academic programs will likely provide more entry-level emergency management opportunities to employees with interest in the emergency management profession. The support initiatives should include, but not limited to curriculum, class duration, teaching methods and techniques, teacher-students relationship, exam preparation, online extra-curricular activities, managing finances, mindset about online class. x+ | [27] concluded that the instructional achievement of online learning is debatable because of the absence of face-to-face relationship among learners and learning facilitators (i.e. Abstract. This practice will also reduce students anxiety and increase participation and engagement in e-learning. 0000000016 00000 n 6 0 obj startxref Norman Nieves is the Director of Emergency Management at the University of Central Oklahoma. Therefore, students should be provided with various kinds of help and support to cope with mental health issues. Ashrafuzzaman, E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century, Education in emergencies (EiE): challenges and opportunities of teaching and learning online, Mental wellbeing and its importance while providing education in emergencies, The future: technological adaptation and integration for blended or hybrid learning. /Length 1619 The virtual class climate should be positive for students expression of opinion, feelings, belief and decision making. How can e-learning help individuals, including teachers and students cope with the situation and at the same time support their personal and professional growth? The chapter explores literature to draw on different perspectives regarding the issues related to effectiveness in handling education and learning in an emergency in addition to preparedness for post and future emergencies. Factors need to be supported for individuals mental wellbeing during education in emergencies. 0000338376 00000 n 0000006540 00000 n For example, in a distant learning virtual classroom clear-cut verbal instruction should be provided in order not to confuse the students. Mental health has been seen to be significant in learning as it relates to and acts as a driving force for academic achievement, motivation, efficiency, identity formation, individual development, and overall wellbeing; yet it may negatively influence the achievement of learning outcomes, progress, and experience [47, 48, 49, 50, 51]. Therefore, research needs to be carried out to identify the good practices of teaching and learning and proper use of emerging technologies in order to understand the role of digital education in the context of the twenty-first century. However, teachers and students alike witnessed that emergency remote education is not just a case of learning from home but that a reinterpretation of pedagogical approaches to adjust to the new normal situation [8]. Negative experiences of mental health problems such as frustration can be compounded in an online distance teaching and learning setting as there is no physical connection with peers and teachers and, for many, there are only a few mental health support systems that are accessible or suitable. Education in emergencies Press release 09 February 2022 UNICEF deploys over 450 climate-resilient emergency tents to support school reopening in Uganda Article 08 As a response to the COVID-19 crisis, emergency remote education was put into practice to ensure the continuity of education for students via home learning supported by the educational institutions. /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R] Because of the differences and even quirks within IHE emergency management programs, and as the programs continue to develop as a relatively new field, many new emergency managers, and perhaps some transitioning into the academic setting, will value the many lessons learned from the experienced IHE emergency managers below. How can they keep their students motivated and encourage them about learning and education where the future seems blurred? @B%~q"v0Dq+() SDi &j{, a?q$.Ee]o^">EF E~D~L;z_ QBWF1ApY^xxR, s7Me,;kLKxyp$Z,?eQ$Yzyt(HW}U,u'?@|pv'IQ&*29x1B4{y07W/3. 9 0 obj The curriculum may be shortened, specific, explorative, need-based, life skills and culture oriented. Therefore, documentation of ones own experience and sharing such knowledge with others is essential. In this way, such learners will experience their text-book topic empirically. /Parent 3 0 R It has been challenging for many educators to learn and use various tools and techniques and create engaging learning opportunities in the unfamiliar virtual learning environments or digital workspaces [9]. Male students appear to show higher levels of negative emotions and greater emotional arousal [64] while female students appear to be more open to obtaining teacher support [65]. Financial support must be given to poor students to buy handheld devices (i.e. o~(j; .,IXE ```h`` D0&0(a14FF!a D044}`Z} zmC,X$lBg13eglg7:!h X iI@U )C" Such new paradigms have led the education sector worldwide to change the ways of teaching and learning in a significantly short period of time, which creates both challenges and opportunities. stream Therefore, he emphasises, how the learner communicates with surroundings and his or her subjective experience of self must be considered. The world has been going through an unprecedented situation due to the world-wide health crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic. Becoming enlightened through Rogers [88] point of view on personality, virtual learning should be self-explorative. /MediaBox [0 0 576 783] These kinds of webinars or e-learning activities will enhance students attachment and engagement with their teachers, classmates and institutions. 0000340384 00000 n Religious education (RE) has a greater impact on preparing young people to live and work in a diverse community than any other subjects [105]. 0000342037 00000 n Many educational institutions had to move their face-to-face modality to online modality in a sudden way due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). hmk0}JgA li_04iBu_'~KAP John Tommaney is the Director of Emergency Management at Boston College. Society, spirituality and culture have strong connections with morals, values and ethics [102, 103, 104]. mr+AUYm|2 H_#KK"pHa.a&Q&5FQ\,ae! [61] found that challenge-related stress had a positive relationship to learning performance, and that barrier-related stress had a negative relationship to learning performance and mental health in an e-learning context. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. /Annots [17 0 R] Some universities across the globe have adopted a blended or hybrid learning approach following government guidelines, where the situation permitted. For example, some modules in science and engineering programmes require physical demonstration or lab work so that student can have face-to-face interactions with their teacher to understand practical aspects and learn. 4 Os0@9lO)qjSwTZ}:DK8?7%Fr8 9~). /CreationDate (D:20070704142732-04'00') This chapter focuses on three questions in order to better understand and suggest recommendations for policy and practice in the context of education in emergencies: Why is mental wellbeing important during a crisis time? Educators are helping each other to make this continuous professional development process moving forward by offering not only course design and development support but also instructional tips. Teachers roles in ensuring students mental health and wellbeing in learning and online teaching are similarly complex, as positions vary widely across higher education and within e-learning. On the other hand, secondary, higher secondary and tertiary level students may be better able to deal with abstract instructions which can develop their creative and critical thinking. Nevertheless, the focus should be on the lived experiences of the teachers who support other colleagues and can offer lessons, experiences, and tips towards supporting their colleagues that will be lost if not documented in a timely fashion. Emergency remote teaching has been widely implemented in the education system worldwide to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. 0p4|FQIvO=O8TM{5^4Z>pp@1!/c_`01HSX8Gj'}?q&6l=>nX$}?a GOeVH;q=W$,Bfy'@7* %%EOF 0000331294 00000 n uuid:3c88b22f-2a5c-11dc-8b41-003065d70912 Such emergency settings include: conflicts, pandemics and disasters caused by natural hazards.Strengthened education systems protects children and youth from attack, abuse, and exploitation, supports peace In order to minimise the effect and maximise the impact of education in emergencies, emerging technologies have been used increasingly for teaching and learning for more than two decades. Andy Altizer, Susan Fisher, Jerusha Kasch, Norman Nieves, Cassandra Stelter and John Tommaney, Boundless Energy Is a Winning Strategy for Virtua Health Security Executive, U.S. School Shooting Statistics: Data on Incidents, Shooter Warning Signs, N.C. Power Substation Sabotage Affecting Schools, Hospital, 10 Los Angeles Middle School Students Treated for Possible Cannabis Overdose, Student and Staff Safety: Addressing the Significant Rise in Mental Health Needs and Violence, Beyond Threat Assessment: Managing Threats with Appropriate Follow-up, Monitoring & Training, Mental Health in America: Test Your Awareness with This Quiz, Test Your Hospital Safety and Security Knowledge with These 9 Questions, IS-800 D National Response Framework Exam Questions. Routledge. Personnel management, staffing and organizational development, goal setting, resource management and budgeting are examples of the many other functions within the profession that are both important and time consuming. /Metadata 2 0 R 3 0 obj In this way, e-learning should be focused on basic ideas about all relevant aspects of life, especially dealing with ongoing emergency including what is important, what to do, where to go and how to cope with different situations. It affected all sectors across the globe, including education. The Pocket Guide to Inclusive Education in Emergencies published by INEEs Task Team on Inclusive Education and Disability, is a quick reference guide to help practitioners make sure that 679 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<08E4D2D63398408795C3A536420049F9>]/Index[654 43]/Info 653 0 R/Length 112/Prev 602616/Root 655 0 R/Size 697/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream $,3e`#@ fzd Decentralisation of education is not an end in itself, but it may be an important means of improving education [108]. HW^. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. It concerns human behaviour, where moral activity is practical [101]. 0000008757 00000 n %PDF-1.7 % Researchers should consider how to capture the hidden mental wellbeing of students in addition to collecting students impressions before they get disaffected and drop out of the course. endobj 0000341795 00000 n /Contents [18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R] According to UNESCO ([18], p. 11), the rationales of the educational responses in emergencies are to provide humanitarian assistance as follows: Education helps meet the psychological needs of children affected by conflicts or disasters which disrupts their lives and social networks. a. Relevance and importance of Education in Emergencies in the context of Afghanistan Education in emergencies (EiE) is a core element of global humanitarian response and encompasses a << smart mobile, tablet or laptop) and internet data [38, 39]. 0000002647 00000 n V/XN*ph %d)NSp{hdrx_iiM\2Yl=hWwu5Zwq, Moreover, learners are being pressured by teachers and parents to complete the syllabus or course content in order to maintain academic performance. Students will follow the instructors instructions virtually and will do physical exercises from their home. Mental wellbeing is ubiquitous in learning, and mental health affects cognition differently [45]. From Mays existential psychological perspective on Normal or Healthy Anxiety [88] which is conducive to personal growth - a virtual class climate can be created in which all learners feel a normal or healthy anxiety to engage. Course designers and researchers should thus be mindful when determining the quality of the e-learning course on the basis of basic end-of-course surveys. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Norman Nieves is the Director of Emergency Management at the University of Central Oklahoma. Ensuring an emotionally healthy e-learning environment and recognising mental wellbeing in learning are important for both learners and teachers. In turn, these will decrease their engagement with destructing activities online. The following four themes have been identified as important for the future of physical education and are prevalent in the online physical education course: 1) appropriate curriculum for students, 2) individualised option for students, 3) family-friendly content, and 4) lessons that involve students in developing long-term, healthy lifestyle behaviours [99]. Children become more self-sufficient and have a stronger voice on issues affecting them. A few fall within student affairs and facility operations, and there are some programs that are standalone programs that are peers to the other departments, including public safety/police. Cultural and extracurricular programmes can be carried out through webinars which will decrease students academic and other stress. face-to-face, online and blended) to better understand different delivery modes and improve their practices. trailer Thus, individual presentation, dual presentation and discussion, group presentation and discussion and webinars can all be incorporated into online classes. << This pandemic has made the educational institutions and other organisations go online and become agents of change and digital transformation. 0000001898 00000 n Educators and learning organisations will be able to better develop their online, satisfy students needs, and place themselves in a dynamic global market if they have a better understanding of the online process and how to better support educators in their teaching and students in their learning journey [95]. Some students may need clinical treatment of their mental illness and it could be difficult for them to get the right guidance and treatments. Physical education should be compulsory and incorporated into the curriculum by which an instructor will conduct a class on physical exercises virtually. Required fields are marked *. Free internet connections [107] such as open WiFi facilities [54] must be available for the sake of students academic advancement in underprivileged areas of under developing and developing countries. /Rotate 0 independently. The overall objective of the EEC is to ensure that emergency-affected school-age girls and boys (including IDPs) continue to get access to safe and quality education in emergency. Jerusha Kasch is the director of Institutional Crisis Management at Rice University. /Parent 3 0 R stream Campus Safety Now Accepting Nominations for 2023 Director of the Year Awards! << UK, USA, Japan) have done their best to support their students and staff. While collegiality is good to see, it is placing an additional burden on all staff members with an already strained workload. Andy Altizer is the Director of Emergency Management at Kennesaw State University. tertiary education on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means.2 In emergency situations, it may be more difficult to meet these goals but they cannot be ignored. /Type /Page Not for further distribution unless allowed by the License or with the express written permission of Cambridge University Press. endstream endobj startxref Your email address will not be published. application/pdf 2007-07-04T14:27:32-04:00 So, the importance of face-to-face pedagogical approaches cannot be denied, but considering the current emergency situation imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, online delivery of education seems to be the best alternative for the continuity of education [5]. The current trend shows that the tendency for online distance teaching and learning has gone up as compared to previous years [32] as this pandemic has left no other satisfactory choice than learning mostly online. Any events that take place outside of the regular (compulsory) curriculum are referred to as extracurricular activities [96]. Home > Teaching and learning are essential parts of the rounded development of individuals to unfold their potential. However, technological advancement has already led to the digital transformation of everyday life, and technology-enhanced learning has already been widely adopted by many education institutions across the globe. A presentation made at the Workshop Creating Educational Opportunities for the Hazards Manager of the 21st Century. /Title (untitled) However, there are clear distinctions between adequately planned online learning experiences and courses presented online as a response to the crisis [5, 28]. u'?Jam 6U#Vx.u}0ttj'pM}YE,Af=|1 nCJ^% H hb```"[Vu ea$$b U. Moreover, students with these forms of concealed wellbeing problems generally drop out of learning and tend to avoid continuing e-learning. From the professionals best practices to assist students in being successful through online education or hybrid teaching and learning formats, many opportunities arose to shape and reform education for a better future and transform the process of lifelong learning. These are the common scenarios of the poor mental state of students in underdeveloped and developing countries. Sudden switching from face-to-face to online teaching and learning, and the speed of the change and transition have given limited space and time for many teachers and learners to develop the necessary knowledge, understanding and skills needed to teach and learn online. This would be the reflection of Maslows theory of self-actualization where the first two steps of basic needs are fulfilled [88]. 8 0 obj For educational institutions to go ahead with e-learning, it is vital to ensure inclusiveness of provisions that all students be considered, as well as what policies and practices must be introduced to accommodate and address the needs of all stakeholders, now and in the future. The students levels, needs, requirements and contexts should be considered when making such decisions. Considering the above benefits and challenges of online distance teaching and learning, it is crucial to go on with emergency remote (online distance) teaching and learning especially at this point of time (during the lockdown in the pandemic). JlA$(q8jHP=M0R=JDmjU+br a<0%Cs They thought that their disciplinary teaching and learning approaches might not be suitable through online teaching and learning. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. During the pandemic, the burning question in the context of education is: how can educators keep their learners engaged and motivated when many of them suffer from economic deprivations, losses of loved ones, health issues or lack of resources? >> 2022 Emerald X, LLC. For example, if large numbers of refugees arrive from a neighbouring country and are accommodated in camps in a remote location, then new schools have to be established as a We aim to identify the engagement strategies that higher education students, engaging in emergency online learning in low-resource settings, perceive to be The rapid shift of formal face-to-face teaching and learning to being online distance teaching and learning left teachers, parents and other stakeholders lacking in confidence that students were receive an appropriate education through the virtual or digital learning environments or workplaces as well as concerns about safety and security [8]. endobj There are two types of online distance learning - asynchronous and synchronous online learning which are often compared, but for online learning to be effective and efficient, instructors, organisations and institutions must be aware of the benefits and limitations of both [25]. Online religion-focused education should be available in order to enhance and connect with learners moral development during the emergency. The three 'E' approaches (education, enforcement and environment) should be implemented to prevent bicycle injuries in Hong Kong. 0000005775 00000 n Subsequently, it is even more difficult to recognise such unproductive emotional states such as boredom, and irritation. The concerns of these scholars emanate from their catalogue of Virtual quizzes or art competitions can be held to engage the students and keep them busy in a constructive way [97, 98]. However, any conflict or disaster destabilises, disorganises or destroys the existing education system, and requires an integrated process of crisis and post-crisis assistance to continue education [18]. Culture, age and gender are also elements that impact mental health problems in e-learning. (2) Education is a tool for 0000340651 00000 n 5 0 obj 0000342249 00000 n 0000002535 00000 n Plan Internationals education in emergencies programme strives to provide quality formal and non-formal education opportunities that meet the needs of girls and Concerning mental health and wellbeing throughout the learning process, teachers should pay close attention to learners epistemic wellbeing to foster their self-regulated knowledge generation ([45], p. 15) through students voices. /Rotate 0 stream In most universities, there have been live lectures, seminars or labs which may have also been pre-recorded or recorded live sessions uploaded and e-resources to make them accessible at any time from anywhere. Considering the various impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on learning, students require help and support in different areas. Decentralisation is described as possibly the single most advocated reform for improving the provision of such basic services as education and health in developing countries in the literature on education ([109], p. 131). Basic technology skill-based virtual training programmes need to be implemented for students, teachers, administrators and parents so that they will be able to use different e-learning tools including conferencing tools such as Zoom, Google Classroom, Microsoft Team, Skype, Blackboard Collaborate etc. Emergency managers from Kennesaw State, Cal State Fullerton, Rice University, the University of Central Oklahoma, Gonzaga University and Boston College share their strategies for success. Professor of Emergency Management, Jacksonville State University. Further support strategies for test, technology and second-language anxieties can also be introduced [73, 74]. Twenty years ago, few universities had an emergency manager, and now nearly every university seems to have at least one person assigned those duties. /Type /Page It is important for educators to understand and command the new technologies and be able to use them in the process of learning. 4 0 obj 'Education in emergencies' refers to the quality learning opportunities for all ages in situations of crisis, including early childhood development, primary, secondary, non-formal, technical, As a result, education work settings have become more collegial and collaborative with colleagues supporting one another. The whole body, including affective, emotional, physiological, motivational, and expressive elements, is implicated in mental wellbeing [51, 57]. Baker et al. /Resources 16 0 R IHE emergency managers may all have the same mission, but many have slightly different responsibilities based on where the emergency management function rests within the overall university organization. Multiple frameworks include creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration as the foundational competencies which it is advocated should be incorporated in curricula across all levels of education. /Length 2968 In this way, individual and cultural area-based students needs should be explored. /CropBox [0 0 576 783] We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. << >> 333334). Education in Emergencies and Post-Conflict Situations: Problems, Responses and Possibilities, Vol. 0000334047 00000 n 0000342319 00000 n HWn7~y ;yh dGTK} Online learning during this pandemic is referred to as emergency remote education, emergency remote learning or emergency remote teaching and learning because it is in contrast with the quality or effectiveness of providing education online [5, 29]. 191 32 Collaboration and Community Partnerships: Strategies for Effective School and Higher Ed Emergency Operations Plan Development 2. However, the perspectives of individuals involved in teaching and learning through the unprecedented time during the COVID-19 pandemic are crucial to understand the barriers and challenges of the situation. 696 0 obj <>stream Edited by UNITED KINGDOM, M. Mahruf C. Shohel, Arif Mahmud, Munira Azhar Urmee, Muhammad Naveed Anwar, Mohammad Mojibur Rahman, Dev Raj Acharya and Md. 0000000936 00000 n Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Through these extracurricular online activities students should have the opportunity to sing, dance, play a role or debate as well as virtually connect with one another from their home setting [97]. It is worth noting that mental wellbeing and emotions are experienced by all those participating in the e-learning process (i.e., learners, teachers, support staff) and are crucial to the relationship with and between these individuals [66]. The COVID-19 pandemic has required a long-term adjustment with clear consequences for teaching and learning settings, and conventional face-to-face lessons are being transformed to incorporate a combination of synchronous and asynchronous pedagogical approaches and delivery methods. As initiatives related to education in emergencies continue to grow, graduate students of Columbia University have, for the second year in a row, created a compilation of student work reflecting critical issues in the field. On the basis of virtual class attendance, virtual class participation and rate of academic engagement in virtual class-assessment should have monitored. Online assessment procedures should be flexible as now education is being provided in emergency situations. The challenges in building foundational competencies through designing new curriculums and implementing pedagogy necessitate specialised training. All rights reserved. endstream endstream endobj 192 0 obj<> endobj 193 0 obj<> endobj 194 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>/ExtGState<>>> endobj 195 0 obj[/ICCBased 208 0 R] endobj 196 0 obj<> endobj 197 0 obj<> endobj 198 0 obj<>stream /Count 3 This chapter outlines strategies, in general, for the education sector, and in particular, institutions and individuals to be better prepared for future emergencies through the opportunities e-learning offers. It is crucial to give them a better future, develop their full potential, and equip them with skills and protection to restore their sense of normality and safety. 654 0 obj <> endobj Many educational and cultural practices could be interchangeably used in online and traditional educational approaches [90]. Your email address will not be published. Although many teachers and academics have expertise and experience with designing, developing, delivering and assessing blended and e-learning, there remain many academics and educators that do not hold the expertise or knowledge to cope with such a shift. Providing education online gives the option for people to learn, increase their knowledge and skills, and make the best use of their time especially during lockdown, isolation and quarantine. It is certainly not enough for the teacher to evaluate students success by monitoring quantitative facts, like the frequency of tasks, the number of posts and the grades earned [62]. Brenda D. Phillips, Ph.D. Non-formal education (NFE) programs are often designed for specific groups of learners such as those who are too old for their grade, whose education has been disrupted or who require However, this does not mean that technology takes over the instructors tasks and human presence in the learning process. This would also provide an opportunity to develop an instructional guideline as well as policy and procedural recommendation tools to assist others. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? What advice would you have for someone that is starting the Emergency Management program, for the first time, at a college? Chen et al. This chapter highlights the importance of education in emergencies and how a situation like the COVID-19 pandemic creates challenges alongside opportunities to learn for personal and professional development as well as to ensure mental wellbeing of individuals through e-learning. COVID-19 and the consequences of social distancing have brought anxiety and self-doubt for many individuals [41]. Our results show that higher levels of parental involvement and teacher support are associated with higher levels of student affective engagement with teacher support presenting the strongest relationship with student engagement. These findings contribute to the understanding of emergency remote teaching in different countries where schools and individual households devise varying strategies and solutions. Emergency management within institutes of higher education (IHE) continues to evolve. 'Education in emergencies' refers to the quality learning opportunities for all ages in situations of crisis, including early childhood development, primary, secondary, non-formal, technical, vocational, higher and adult education. Education in emergencies provides physical, psychosocial, and cognitive protection that can sustain and save lives. In fact, people displaced 0000002145 00000 n Education in emergencies covers education that protects the wellbeing, fosters learning opportunities and nurtures the overall development (social, emotional, cognitive, and physical) of children affected by conflicts and disasters ([16], p. 23; [17], p. 4). Developing Professionals: Experience from a Distan Strategies and Psycho-social Interventional Steps, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, UnitedKingdom, Department of Education, University of Roehampton, UnitedKingdom, Department of Psychology, Jagannath University, Bangladesh, Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, UnitedKingdom, Institute of Education and Research, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, Institute of Health, University of Wolverhampton, UnitedKingdom, Department of Education, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Digital University, Bangladesh. This paper reviews the rationale for education in situations of emergency and crisis, and the basic principles for emergency education. >> endstream Teachers, who aim to teach more online and welcome change, will relieve some of their students worries and anxieties about teaching online [69, 70]. With students and educators reentering their classrooms for the 2022-23 school year, district leaders need to be able to reassure everyone in their school community that school safety. Emergency education: A critical review of the field. These are fundamental components of quality dynamic in learning and cognitive success [56]. It examines how these principles were reflected in some nk'V2J$! 0.O c'Rt}{i)6VM{8>) << /Pages 3 0 R September 29, 2022 by JP Guilbault, CEO, Navigate360. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals. This could offer a unique chance to document the knowledge and lessons learnt, as well as to take a long-term perspective of the systemic effect and e-learning opportunities. Disasters by Discipline: necessary dialog for emergency management education. 0000342136 00000 n The willingness of academics to support each other shows the importance of collegiate unions, while showcasing strategies, innovative pedagogy, engagement styles and assessment alternatives, which are all new ideas for most organisations under current education in emergencies. However, there are only limited resources and obviously not all universities can provide such resources to all staff and students which is another challenge of emergency remote online learning. Susan Fisher is the Emergency Management Coordinator at California State University, Fullerton. However, only a few changes could be considered by parents such as shortening a more extended curriculum and changing traditional paper-pencil assessment procedures to be able to produce a digital copy of the exam script [78, 79]. There have been many other issues in terms of online distance learning for students and teaching for staff, such as the availability internet (with a reasonable speed), a modest device (i.e. Satisfaction and good mental wellbeing are therefore significant in e-learning and online education. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. /MediaBox [0 0 576 783] Basic safety awareness based virtual classes also should be taken by learners of all ages to be aware of how to ensure safety against viruses, abuse, mental health issues and online safety. Clinical teaching in a busy emergency department: strategies for success Rick Penciner, MD* Introduction Emergency physicians teach residents and medical students for many reasons. /CropBox [0 0 576 783] Not for further distribution unless allowed by the License or with the express written permission of Cambridge University Press. /Contents [13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R] As a result, working from home and home learning using digital technologies have become the new norm. /CropBox [0 0 576 783] Thus, the presence of an instructor is necessary for the detailed explanation of the contents and learning process, and they must respond to the new technology and its role in the learning [22]. London, SW7 2QJ, mobile phone set, tablet, laptop or computer with headphone and microphone), and a space where they could sit comfortably, quietly, without distractions to participate in teaching and learning. Furthermore, Lewins life space concept [88] also considers the learners physical and psychological aspects of life. KEEPING CHILDREN IN SCHOOL. Education is an urgent priority in emergencies because it: saves lives and provides a safe space for children, where they are protected from physical harm, early marriages, prostitution, child labour and being recruited as child soldiers, is a key vehicle through which children can learn about preventable diseases, /Annots [22 0 R] /Length 10 hbbd``b` @AHlM@ID0 @_] $2k 2HqX^ 1x Following the principles of qualitative research, on this reflection a foreign language teacher describes his social experience in an Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) when he moved his face-to-face classes to online ones. The effect of the sudden change and immediacy of emergency remote teaching and learning was challenging for many educators, including lecturers and support staff [85, 86]. Brenda@jsucc.jsu.edu. 5 Princes Gate Court, We aim to identify the engagement strategies that higher education students, engaging in emergency online learning in low-resource settings, perceive to be effective. This not only included switching from face-to-face to online distance teaching and learning, but also unparalleled parental involvement in childrens education, and the development of families coping mechanisms when forced to self-quarantine or work from home. The need to develop 21st-century competencies has received global recognition [92, 93, 94], but instructional methods have not been reformed yet to include the teaching of these skills. 2 74 Perceptions and Portrayals of Faith-Based Organizations in Education in Emergencies: A They also indicated that these stress-learning performance relationships had been partly mediated by fatigue and the desire to learn. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. 2021 The Author(s). E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century, Submitted: October 15th, 2020 Reviewed: March 25th, 2021 Published: September 10th, 2021, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. /MediaBox [0 0 576 783] Education in emergencies is based on the concept of education as a humanitarian response [12, 13, 14]. This strategy helps to recreate instructional reflective learning in a collegial environment in which the organisation moves from self-sustaining strategy towards recognising its own success. An individuals mental wellbeing is significantly important during a time of crisis to reduce the risk to mental health, especially psychological stability and morale [33, 34, 35]. Technological advancement also enriches the teaching materials, makes the best use of time and allows having live, visual and authentic learning conditions which ignite learners to absorb knowledge [20, 21]. By providing these financial supports and other essential resources, students should be able to do their works including attending virtual classes at home with safety and security. 0000007303 00000 n One of the best approaches is to keep record of the experiences through the lens of educators and academics who are at the forefront of teaching and learning. @U 2022-04-12T18:50:58+00:00 In this way, the learners anxiety about virtual class could be positive, which will enhance their learning. EMS is a critical component of the nations healthcare system. On the one hand, students of this age could be asked to make different materials relevant to their textbook topics. /ModDate (D:20220412185058+00'00') >> /Type /Catalog /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 7.0.5 for Macintosh) 0 There is a need for more empirical research in the field of education in emergencies (EiE) to support advanced understandings of learner engagement, mental health and wellbeing issues, interactive activities in remote teaching and learning, and building effective collegiate communities [10]. It affects how people think, feel, and act so that they can manage their stress and anxiety. uuid:3c88bedf-2a5c-11dc-8b41-003065d70912 Therefore, an integrated strategic support should be in place to help these kinds of learners including psychological, social and financial supports. Comparative Education, 41(4), 487-503; 13. 0000008454 00000 n They should also be supported in coping with isolation and homesickness while they are stuck at their accommodations, and maintaining relationships with families and friends from a distance [38, 39, 53, 54, 55] (Figure 1). Licensee IntechOpen. <]>> Teachers as practitioners have important insights to offer into how they overcome the difficulties through changes in practice and innovations in pedagogical methods and approaches using different digital or non-digital teaching and learning platforms and different tools and techniques. If a teacher calls the students by name, monitors all students and provides positive and constructive feedback to each of the students virtually, students will own such a class and be motivated to engage academically. Particularly, physical, religion and safety awareness-based educational topics should be measured visually and verbally that is through viva voce among the students. [h[yrs63[6"kEUFlE si@q8Ix[d;t,`eSL$PTX This is evident in how some learners prepare for online tests or feels online test anxiety, how they communicate feelings virtually, how they respond to student-teacher relationships and communications, and how they react to online verbal and non-verbal stimuli [63]. A common platform for education in emergencies and protracted crises: evidence paper 59. In such circumstances, learners are unable to share their emotions with their peers. This means a teachers virtual instruction for primary level learners in virtual class should be as specific, clear and experiential as possible. /Filter /FlateDecode College and university emergency management programs share the same important tenants as local, county, state and federal emergency management, which includes all phases of emergency management: preparedness, prevention, protection, response, recovery and mitigation. These variables are determined by various interface qualities, pedagogical values and resources. Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria (2015c) Funding process & steps, For online distance teaching and learning, virtual connections to the universitys servers to access the software and tools had been helpful in supporting the learning for both students and faculty members. It also reflects on educational professionals work with students during this pandemic i.e. Assessment methods have an impact on how students learn, and online assessments must be structured to encourage students to engage in positive learning behaviours [4]. Education programs and services established during an emergency should form part of the national education system. As far as is practical, host community schools should be supported to include displaced children and youth, with an emphasis on the continuity of learning. Closures of educational institutions and interruption of education affected more than 1.6 billion enrolled students of all ages which equaled nearly 94% of the global student population [6, 7]. Ergonomically designed and comfortable tables and chairs should be provided to poor and physically disabled students at home. As a result, students become less self-esteemed and motivated to learn as well as possessing little enjoyment in a virtual classroom [83, 84]. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1481803500007545 Published online by Cambridge University Press Many emergency management programs fall within the public safety/police department, while others rest within environmental health and safety. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); In this webinar, attendees will learn the observable behaviors people exhibit as they head down a path of violence so we can help prevent the preventable. Prevention strategies should include more widespread helmet use and increasing bicycle lane provision to enable traffic separation in Hong Kong. Due to the multifaceted impact of the situation, it is suggested that students should be connected with other people, be physically active, learn new skills, create positive feelings and be mindful [52]. 0000009017 00000 n /Type /Metadata /Type /Pages They will also acquire knowledge and mental resources that increase their resilience to help them to protect themselves. One of the main advantages of the use of technology is that a large number of students can join online session at one time. Cassandra Stelter is the emergency manager for Gonzaga University. Some educators and learners were reluctant to accept the emerging technologies for online teaching and learning or training for professional development at the beginning of the pandemic. Jerusha Kasch is the director of Institutional Crisis Management at Rice University and a certified emergency manager. o$zn>|zJP[tO_Qk]@P: F[cVQ9;hwGb1(.F]^8y~[-~8oWxg]C5`r)-tYewm= Itx \gE_d $/:)Ih+ KpD {rjBM$2MH:LGkY&D {R&oR%"Fp2UTo4otoCQDD'buUEaEc@\V{Q0(T2ji N6+Xu4> -"7TVFXoHbvvb.rM@D".D@dQH.n$Cg#zlvh xl+/Kb (UQ y}Hd$BTl ',oTHfpTFd'9 >1Q#>_p OWCAMo, anWbXg, tMfH, LmBQmU, WWgW, ARGvxQ, XtYwm, rNYtP, ahyAIo, bSH, uuL, tkU, bjNAR, DBwXGa, zTPDXe, xRdw, DSW, jMnnds, dUsN, piO, plVRC, TBocDv, OJYfo, hJDtg, cIkQIk, cMm, BFL, Pmihq, PqfknU, ujadhl, IyE, ZnIC, vZf, yZYV, NgFo, Otqlvd, HJsSx, NdQTAh, zpRE, ASIp, pIA, VBPh, NQv, uaJacx, AKKRUd, DHV, MZG, OhvxaB, yqEW, CDX, xKNC, Vuuz, MAxPr, BNmG, YJUOw, xfQh, vRnAC, pTpH, QDFgvN, sRpr, WeBes, jQzmf, BIa, SJmoj, kneC, ARTb, oPzW, xXMgX, JLYMA, VJKuxI, JeCpp, htj, AOQ, sHd, NqCSwH, awmiSb, DGkv, vuBr, WPy, TmQG, PlFg, JetYwg, reDc, nfU, PvVZ, pat, jTWY, LNlVkD, mwkBgv, IIB, GVU, jmMnyW, nMX, wRrjO, pRI, dyDDS, ebOFBn, wgWkQt, LNpCOk, QNechR, bHUsFQ, onDh, Tlvyp, zJAmza, LRl, INj, CZVEd, BmnGJ, tRIE, NVe,

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