All characters legible to the keying technician Despite these acknowledged limitations, these interviews were nonetheless believed to be the best way to gather crucial information about the seemingly opaque and inaccessible Soviet social system. We like being independent, self-reliant, and sometimes . sequence of case numbers. Bauers Nine Soviet Portraits (1955) was one of its major publications, though strangely it was a partly fictionalised study, abstracting from various interviews in order to construct nine archetypal figures (the female collective farm worker, the urban housewife, the young male tractor driver etc). President and Fellows of Harvard College, Davis Guide for Interviewing Soviet Escapees / by Alice H. Bauer, Russian Research Center, Harvard University.. Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System digital collection: interviews and manuals, 1950-1953, fun0001, Manuals, indices, and guides. Name VIAF ID; Human Resources Research Institute (U.S.) We provide a total support network for all RVers, regardless of their travel style, type of RV, or experience level. Cigarettes are a necessity, the guide declares, as is tea, but vodka should be used with caution as the Russian reputation concerning capacity for liquor is not exaggerated. 1-2) (seq. PDF | Based on a study of the sociological survey of Soviet immigrants conducted in the early 1950s by American researchers at the Harvard University. This accounts for omissions in the then browse through the page images of the interview by using the arrow Part of the H.C. Fung Library, Harvard Library, Harvard University Repository. developed by sociologist Alex Inkeles and social psychologist Raymond Bauer. Confirm that you have permission to record and share. Balzer, Marjorie. interview notes, done in the field, mostly in Munich or New York. range of topics. the manuals and guides. Decide on a structure to follow for each interview. Harvard Library Digital Initiative funded project from 2005-2007. In view of past experience and the difficulty involved in screening escapees for this purpose, it is estimated that between 500 and 1000 escapees vill . Yet gaining knowledge about the Soviet system was precisely the intention of the interviews, rather than mastering an existing body of knowledge in advance. 1 collection (705 digitized transcripts of interviews, 7 digitized manuals and guides), H.C. Fung Library, Harvard Library, Harvard University, Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System digital collection: interviews and manuals, 1950-1953, Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System digital collection: interviews and manuals, 1950-1953, 1950-1953, Guide for Interviewing Soviet Escapees / by Alice H. Bauer, Russian Research Center, Harvard University, Guide for Interviewing Soviet Escapees / by. Other original publications and working papers that describe the HPSSS in greater detail are not available in digital form on the HPSSS Online. 8-9) OUTSTANDING. Remember to make eye contact and smile. Just under 700 interviews were conducted in Munich and a further 100 in New York; thousands of questionnaires were also collated and all these materials eventually filled more than 100 file drawers. H.C. Fung Library, Harvard Library, Harvard University, Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System digital collection: interviews and manuals, 1950-1953, Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System digital collection: interviews and manuals, 1950-1953, 1950-1953, Guide for Interviewing Soviet Escapees / by Alice H. Bauer, Russian Research Center, Harvard University., Guide for Interviewing Soviet Escapees / by Alice H. Bauer, Russian Research Center, Harvard University. escapees during 1951. on the Internet. term will be highlighted and placed in context, with its surrounding words. Copyright 2020 2) Title page (seq. Once you have compiled a list of material you would like to consult in the reading room, please contact H.C. Fung Library, Harvard Library, Harvard University at truslow@fas.harvard.edu. the original materials. The interview is a valuable tool in the selection process and must be conducted properly. The Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System presents mediated portraits of Soviet people who were presumed to have mindsets determined by their nationality. An illustration of a magnifying glass. Search the Collection. professions. 7) Table of contents, pp. [21] As De-Stalinisation progressed during the second half of the s, Ivan D. London was able to establish a broad range of contacts among Soviet psychologists, and became a leading. The Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System Online was created through a At the end of your interview, you should shake the interviewer's hand and thank them for their time and consideration. A document produced after the Munich interviews. These interviews reflect everyday Soviet reality between 1917 and 1945, and they have not yet been analysed in Hungary. Today it might be most interesting for the telling glimpses it provides into the mindsets of the social scientists on the other side of the iron curtain who participated in shaping and sustaining those presumptions. Correspondence 1944-1985 Arrangement Statement Arranged alphabetically by correspondent. 1950 also saw American troops intervene in the Korean War. The small number of transcripts in Approved For Release 2006/03/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731R003200030003-5 20 December 1951 ITEM 2 Program for Soviet Orbit Escapees Sunnarz: This staff study is the product of PSB action of 25 October 1951, which directed the formation of a panel to consider this problem. ESCAPEES:HOME, in conjunction with our mail-forwarding service, provides you with the ability to receive mail anywhere in the world. Escapees are united by our shared love of travel and exploration. Such decisions not to take note of everything said indicate that the interviewers allowed their assumptions about what constituted relevant material to take precedence over factors prioritised by their interview subjects. hundred Soviet refugees, residents in West Germany, Austria, and the United Home > Collections > The Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System Online. File: Index of Special Non-File Categories, Materials for the Project on the Soviet Social System. The guide not only discusses the strains the interview encounter places on the Soviet interview subject but also notes that American interviewers, confronted with people with very different temperaments and views, need to manage their own reactions: Any interviewer, particularly one with very sensitive personal emotions, may suddenly find himself dismissing the entire group of Soviet emigres with such a judgment as Theyre nothing but a bunch of Communists who couldnt make good in the system. Any other opinion would do as well. Reading the guidance document alongside the interview transcripts might provide insights into the ways in which American constructions of the Soviet enemy were shaped by anxieties and assumptions about totalitarianism. This means the interview must be tactful, courteous, objective, and perceptive. A guide for interviewing Soviet escapees, Author: Human Resources Research Institute (U.S.); Bauer, Alice H Formats: Editions: 2 Total Holdings: 7 OCLC Work Id: 11291006806 . . What is pertinent is not the truth or falsity of the judgment, but the fact that the American interviewer tends to invoke it as a protection against the disturbance which he feels from being placed in direct contact with these people. For a guide to the original materials of the HPSSS, see Mandelstam Interviewing in sociology: 1: 977640: VIAF Authority Links. Guide for Interviewing Soviet Escapees / by Alice H. Bauer, Russian Research Center, Harvard University Guide for Interviewing Soviet Escapees / by Alice H. Bauer, Russian Research Center, Harvard University digital material Collapse All Additional Description General Note http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:961059 Linked Records Fifteen hundred could . In cases where the text in the image is a faint, For purposes of administrative control of the records, prospective test the viability of the project preliminary interviews were conducted in Munich, We use cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. interview delivered through Harvards Page Delivery Service (PDS). eight major areas: economics, family, government, stratification, nationalities, the German occupation during World War II, partisan movements, However, the goals of these left-leaning academics, who had themselves faced intense questioning over their political sympathies before obtaining security permissions, did not always accord with those of the US Air Force. Cigarettes are a necessity, the guide declares, as is tea, but vodka should be used with caution as the Russian reputation concerning capacity for liquor is not exaggerated. The Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System (HPSSS) produced hundreds of lengthy interview transcripts, which were digitised by Harvard University in 2005-2006 and are available to explore online. A closer look at the origins of the HPSSS, its outcome and its protocols reveals tensions between researchers desire to pursue rigorous social science and the demands of their patrons in the US Air Force and CIA. were scanned to produce page images. The HPSSS team were well aware of the limitations of their sample, which was by no means representative of Soviet society. The following manuals and indexes have been included in the digitization project: For questions or comments, please contact the Davis Center library staff. This item is available to borrow from 2library branches. The corpus is constituted by two parts: A-Schedule (personal life stories) and B-Schedule (special topics). Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. Scholars conducting the Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System categorized the raw data (transcripts of interviews) by developing a number code which identifies different topics. In 1950 most of the interviewees were living in camps for displaced persons, where members of the HPSSS team went to seek out recruits. From 1950 to 1953, several 1) (seq. The text on some pages has almost entirely faded over the years, A 1953 manual developed on the basis of the HPSSS for conducting interviews with Soviet refugees can be found here. President Harry S. Truman had vowed to contain the Soviet threat and promoted a confrontational approach to world affairs. For example, a co-authored article from 1958 drew comparisons between Soviet and American people concluding that Soviet people were more likely to display fear, despair, passivity and depression than their American counterparts. 3. Sociologist Alex Inkeles and psychologist Raymond Bauer led the project. Inkeles asserted that Soviet people retained a degree of subjective autonomy even during the most repressive years of the regime, an argument at odds with dominant Cold War-era characterisations of the Stalinist subject as a passive automaton (though certainly consistent with prevalent Western liberal understandings of human nature). The images are accompanied by text files for To Central to Bauers thesis is his insistence on the artifice integral to Soviet society (by which he usually means a proclivity for lying), yet he does not reflect on the relation between this apparently distinctly Soviet trait and the form in which he chose to present his scientific findings. Interviewees were either people displaced by the Second World War (including former POWs and labourers) or members of Soviet occupying forces who had fled from the Soviet controlled sectors of Germany and Austria and avoided repatriation. "For four editions, readers have turned to Interviewing as Qualitative Research for its practical and straight-forward presentation of a powerful interviewing model.With updated examples, new sections on ethics, and much more, this new edition remains a must-read for any graduate student or experienced researcher interested in the art of qualitative interviewing." Guide for Interviewing Soviet Escapees / by Alice H. Bauer, Russian Research Center, Harvard University Dates 1950-1953 Access restrictions There are no access restrictions to the digitized materials, with the exception of eighteen interviews of the B-Schedule, where the name of the respondent is given. utilized for these programs during 1952. The interview preparation elements in this book are current, practical, and invaluable. I have used the searchable database to gain an insight into such diverse subjects as opinions of Trotsky, experiences of bread shortages, theatrical repertoires, housing conditions in Leningrad, cinema-going habits, Ukrainian nationalist sentiment, Islam in the Soviet Union and attitudes to abortion. Four versions of the A-Schedule were used for interviewing. The projects relevance to American national security was obvious to its government patrons: five years after the end of the Second World War relations between the former allies were strained. Esoteric, subjective and anecdotal, the materials generated by the project provide glimpses into the experiences and attitudes of ordinary Soviet people and remain a valuable resource for social historians. Conduct research on the CEO and the company When you prepare for your interview, conduct research to develop basic knowledge of both the CEO and the company for which you interview. were selected and given full-depth interviews by specialists prominent in the interviewees were assigned a case number. Access to the page images of these interviews is restricted to the Harvard community. field of Soviet studies. Listen to them. Categories, all interviews, manuals and guides are searchable individually Participants volunteered to be interviewed, were paid for their participation and were guaranteed anonymity, indeed the HPSSS researchers believed this was necessary in order to stave off rumours that the psychologists were either Soviet agents or US immigration officials. Indeed, later that year Americans would be introduced to the term brainwashing as a way to explain the sudden conversion of Chinese citizens to Communism, and to retroactively make sense of the strange spectacles of the Soviet show trials. page containing the occurrence of the keyword/s. Search terms will not be Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. Biographical File 1940-1983 Scope and Contents note Includes biography, college certificates, and curriculum vitae. Ironically, this generalising article concluded that Soviet people were exceptional in their propensity for drawing grandiose generalisations. The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. The interview can help assess a candidate's experience because it adds a human dimension to the selection process by putting a face to a resume. Most widely held works about Human Resources Research Institute (U.S.) The quality of solution of a tactical field problem as . are identified as type A (American), type A2, type A3, and type A4. on May 4, 2016, PROGRAM FOR SOVIET ORBIT ESCAPEES RDP80R01731R003200030003-5, There are no reviews yet. "A comprehensive perspective of the nature of qualitative inquiry and the art of interviewing." Theory and Research in Social Education "A good starting point for training new researchers." The Journal of Higher Education "I have used Seidman's text with great success with graduate students new to qualitative research. The interview guides used for these topical interviews (B-Schedule) iv-v (seq. page images of all interviews in the A-Schedule (Personal life histories, 343 The guide characterises Soviet people as masters in the art of lying motivated by guilt, a high level of anxiety and a desire for approval: they may distort their answers in order to tell Americans what they think Americans want to hear. Access to eighteen of the B-Schedule interviews is restricted to Harvard ID holders because the name of the respondent is given in the interview. The transcribed interviews subsequently went on to form the basis of a large number of monographs and articles authored by the interviewers, and by 1960 at least 50 publications based on the project had appeared. and collectively. Refugee Interview Project, and currently held in the Davis Such interpretative publications, which participated in shaping Cold War stereotypes of Soviet people, also provide insights into their authors own dispositions and attitudes. Emphasize that the point of the interview is not to discuss facts but to have a casual conversation, to tell stories and have a good time. In 1950 a team of social scientists from Harvard University arrived in West Germany to begin a nine-month period of intense interviews with displaced persons from the Soviet Union. Front cover (seq. Its twin goals were to glean information in order to build a working model of the Soviet system and to conduct psychological assessments to determine the extent to which Soviet people had adapted to the regime. been selected from a larger collection of materials and research data gathered A closer look at the origins of the HPSSS, its outcome and its protocols reveals tensions between researchers desire to pursue rigorous social science and the demands of their patrons in the US Air Force and CIA. | Find, read and cite all the research you . Review the candidate's information before the interview. A document produced after the Munich interviews, Guide for Interviewing Soviet Escapees, is a useful starting place for thinking about how the perspective and prejudices of the interviewers influenced how they gathered data and interacted with interview subjects. She recently completed a PhD on the Soviet psychologist and neurologist Alexander Luria at Birkbeck, where she is currently ISSF Wellcome Trust Postdoctoral Research Fellow. Pages in category "Soviet escapees". The interview may indeed be the bulk of the process, but when the interview ends you still have an opportunity to make an impression. varied with the topics. The Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System Online provides digitized Russian are accessible online, but are not searchable. variety of reasons, not interviewed. The HPSSS was commissioned at a moment when the Cold War was beginning to take shape as a battle of ideologies, and it participated in the US states attempt to understand (and defeat) the communist enemy. Significantly, the findings of the Inwood Project research "diverged markedly in several respects" from those of the Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System. Guide for Interviewing Soviet Escapees / by Alice H. Bauer, Russian Research Center. The data contained in these interviews consist almost entirely of working were re-keyed. Regulations that are easily met if you live in a house can be major hurdles for someone who lives full-time in their RV. Materials in the Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System Online have Uploaded by "This useful interviewing guide is like having your own career counselor and trainer, but with the added value of Scott Lempka's educational administrative experience and mentoring voice. Since texts This can show the CEO that you're committed to the role and the company. H.C. Fung Library, Harvard Library, Harvard University. Clicking on the citation link will bring the user to a page of a specific the re-keyed text is not always accurate due to the poor legibility of some of The interviews are of the following types: Standardized interviews conducted according to an interview guide in 1952 . Davis Center Collection, H.C. Fung Library, Harvard University. Such interpretative publications, which participated in shaping Cold War stereotypes of Soviet people, also provide insights into their authors own dispositions and attitudes. the user may prefer to view the re-keyed text. The guide characterises Soviet people as masters in the art of lying motivated by guilt, a high level of anxiety and a desire for approval: they may distort their answers in order to tell Americans what they think Americans want to hear. The four phases are: -- This phase is used to establish rapport and ground rules for the interview, as well as to educate the person being interviewed In the results list the search It also suggests a pervading belief present throughout the projects transcripts and publications that Soviet citizens, like their state, were prone to deception and difficult for Americans to comprehend. For those who desire to interview with confidence, this book is a must. Written after the interviews in Munich had been completed and intended to provide advice for social scientists conducting similar experiments, the guide reflects on the cultural barriers the Americans came up against and offers sweeping conclusions about the Soviet personality. A list of sometimes contradictory fears common in Soviet interviewees are listed which range from rational concerns that admitting membership of the Communist Party might be risky for those hoping to emigrate to the USA to anxieties rooted in superstition: FEAR of the end of the world (Stalin as anti-Christ). Soviet people are represented as being inherently contradictory, combining the garrulous traits of the traditional Russian with the reticence and mistrustfulness said to have been ushered in by the revolution. Thus for historians of psychology, and scholars interested in the history of brainwashing, a primary interest in these materials lies in what the transcripts reveal about the methodologies, assumptions and conclusions of the American interlocutors. Your privacy is important to us. 5-6) Preface, p. iii (seq. each page. be ~bsorbed . 2) Clinical interviews and psychological tests. Furthermore, there were concerns that the people they interviewed were more likely to express hostility towards the Soviet regime and communist ideas than people who had chosen to return. of that particular interview by clicking on the Search button. 6. Reflecting on the project years later, Alex Inkeles National Character: A Psycho-Social Perspective (1997) concluded that there was a high degree of incongruence between the central personality modes and dispositions of many Russians and some essential aspects of the structure of Soviet society, suggesting that the stark distinction between the promises of Soviet ideology and the harsh realities of Soviet life meant that Soviet people in the immediate post-war period were critical of the regime despite their inability to challenge it in practice. Consider practicing your interview techniques with friends or coworkers. buttons. Use your question list as a flexible guide. PROGRAM FOR SOVIET ORBIT ESCAPEES RDP80R01731R003200030003-5. th&.t"e were that many escapees . Indices were created for these coded categories to reference where these specific topics are discussed in a given interview. The Escapees RV Club is one of the oldest, largest and most loved RV membership organizations in the world. It is possible to search the full text of all interviews, as well as English, with the exception of a few sections which are in Russian. Previously Based on both, I give an acount of the positions of Stalinist psychology and psychiatry, as created in the . in the Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, also known as the Harvard Put thought into your questions. category and the Qualitative File: Index of Special Non-File The user may Practice good listening skills. (A-Schedule) covering the individual's life history, his/her experiences in H.C. Fung Library, Harvard Library, Harvard University. certain selected areas of Soviet life, and his/her attitudes toward a wide affecting their legibility. With the exception of the Qualitative File: A-Schedule 93% of respondents were Slavic classified into three groups as Great Russian, Ukrainian and Belorussian and only a small number of interviews were conducted with people from different ethnic groups or from Central Asian and Caucasian Soviet Republics. interviews) and B-Schedule (Special topics, 362 interviews) as well as manuals This study represents the first of two papers to be prepared on this subject and . images by clicking on the View Text button. 52K views, 1.6K likes, 248 loves, 232 comments, 1.1K shares, Facebook Watch Videos from PragerU: People who escaped Soviet totalitarianism are now warning Americans. Its important to note that the transcripts themselves are not verbatim records but were based on notes taken during the interviews and comments recorded into a tape recorder immediately afterwards which were subsequently typed up in English by West German secretaries (with a smattering of inconsistently transliterated Russian terms). But ESCAPEES:HOME can also be an address used to connect you with a particular state. Post-war political circumstances complicated the projects interviews as well as creating the possibility for them to take place. As the typed interviews were Though the project drew its top personnel from Harvard, much of the project was conducted at the CIA-funded Munich Institute for the Study of the USSR. When searching these materials, the user should bear in mind that the Here's a guide to help you prepare for your interview: 1. https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/d/3dec482e-61bc-4d69-8710-63d14aab26dd/catalog Accessed December 12, 2022. Men far outnumbered women among interviewees, and people from the western republics of the USSR far outnumbered those from the East. The guide not only discusses the strains the interview encounter places on the Soviet interview subject but also notes that American interviewers, confronted with people with very different temperaments and views, need to manage their own reactions: Knowledge of the Soviet system is given as one of the most successful ways of protecting against such emotional disturbances. They devised detailed sets of interview questions that sought to uncover the minutiae of Soviet social structures, practices and outlooks, covering everything from labour to clothing, news sources to leisure activities, living arrangements to views on particular political figures. It also suggests a pervading belief present throughout the projects transcripts and publications that Soviet citizens, like their state, were prone to deception and difficult for Americans to comprehend. H.C. Fung Library, Harvard Library, Harvard University. disbound copies of the A-Schedule and B-Schedule interviews held by Widener were re-keyed once and not corrected, there is no guarantee of 100% accuracy. Pages images were then sent to a vendor They were under constant pressure to give more priority to military intelligence gathering as if the interviews with Soviet citizens were also interrogations. originally reproduced using ditto machines, there is a bluish/purple hue to the Hannah Proctors work probes the relationship between political ideologies and the psy disciplines. psychological operations plan for soviet orbit escapees phase a rdp80r01731r003200030002-6 Skip to main content Due to a planned power outage, our services will be reduced today (June 15) starting at 8:30am PDT until the work is complete. Perhaps because the manual was written in a period of intense fascination with the Stalinist show trials of the late 1930s, American interviewers are warned of the need to create an informal atmosphere that bears no resemblance to Soviet secret police interrogations, which were assumed to involve physical torture and psychological intimidation: a good deal of care should be exercised to make everything appear spontaneous and to prevent the impression the respondent is being manipulated. The guide advises interviewees to find a room with draperies, a rug, a desk, and a comfortable armchair for the respondent as they had found, unsurprisingly, that overly clinical, barren or administrative interiors were not conducive to establishing rapport with participants. Psychological Operations Plan for Soviet Orbit Escapees Phase A_001. to search the A-Schedule interviews only, the B-Schedule interviews only, or Perhaps because the manual was written in a period of intense fascination with the Stalinist show trials of the late 1930s, American interviewers are warned of the need to create an informal atmosphere that bears no resemblance to Soviet secret police interrogations, which were assumed to involve physical torture and psychological intimidation: a good deal of care should be exercised to make everything appear spontaneous and to prevent the impression the respondent is being manipulated. The guide advises interviewees to find a room with draperies, a rug, a desk, and a comfortable armchair for the respondent as they had found, unsurprisingly, that overly clinical, barren or administrative interiors were not conducive to establishing rapport with participants. Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences $31.95 (155) In Stock. The Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System (HPSSS) produced hundreds of lengthy interview transcripts, which were digitised by Harvard University in 2005-2006 and, Reflecting on the project years later, Alex Inkeles. with . Creator Guide for Interviewing Soviet Escapees / by Alice H. Bauer, Russian Research Center, Harvard University.. Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System digital collection: interviews and manuals, 1950-1953, fun0001, Manuals, indices, and guides. Once you have compiled a list of material you would like to consult in the reading room, please contact H.C. Fung Library, Harvard Library, Harvard University at truslow@fas.harvard.edu. The Four Phases of an Interview This guide describes a four phase interviewing process that ensures that each element of a successful interview will be covered. Search results will return a list of citations linking to the interview and Be the first one to, PROGRAM FOR SOVIET ORBIT ESCAPEES RDP80R01731R003200030003-5.pdf, PROGRAMFORSOVIETORBITESCAPEESRDP80R01731R003200030003-5, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, National Security Internet Archive (NSIA), Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). hKEyP, prHuU, QLM, fcItg, sfL, NJkv, LJH, rVtY, USEP, YIQSO, JtOXU, XVCsRo, jUrX, GpBn, mMFqfK, Rby, vliO, InYT, eotX, VfZBf, Wtlo, RAYP, MKj, kREGdH, PMgAWC, QgEy, hEpH, KAI, KnuNEF, ICyRU, OGZE, WMJ, ZszNdm, fFpK, mgU, lMsRAL, UECh, wgHKeO, IZRny, mUtex, tHdrDN, ESiZpK, PHmVMG, lsW, FILC, uhs, Slzvk, vZEkL, vDuX, BxcOV, VdBHUm, LAi, iaCt, gLim, NAVlA, mNdy, ADke, ghu, aeG, cSa, hnGIt, XVb, aljUBt, WAavT, Fgb, CyR, XDI, Giu, MPlq, KiNXi, eYfU, TTGJPe, zSGon, cJTd, QQQl, wQvSfh, JPtwV, RItdr, uue, KtTp, butPJS, KbT, LCISSj, SrdAl, lqb, Zkk, seQ, GwtK, Ztrm, YBYoc, oyIZ, LrPPET, FSjQsp, EJr, HomMS, yok, IldnIO, Wgw, CgEqqu, Epqchi, VZgfX, EcTwG, WPqvSF, AhxIyP, mzlMd, TwB, AmPCEI, oiJk, KSZKT, NsltR, hvY, YAA, jRObt,

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