[61] Finnish democracy did not experience any Soviet coup attempts and likewise survived the anti-communist Lapua Movement. Ancient Greece was the founding culture of Western civilisation. The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago. Areas with little more than a unique tax status, such as the Canary Islands and Heligoland, are also not included for this reason. Early Iron Age Italy and Greece from around the 8th century BCE gradually gave rise to historical Classical antiquity, whose beginning is sometimes dated to 776 BCE, the year of the first Olympic Games.[70]. Finland took part in trade liberalization in the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. In Western Europe the Neolithic period was characterised not by large agricultural settlements but by field monuments, such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds and megalithic tombs. The second most popular religion is Islam (4.9%) concentrated mainly in the Balkans (Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina) and transcontinental countries located at the boundary of Europe and Asia (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkey. The three who chose to remain outside the Eurozone were the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden. Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and other markets in Europe. The fighting came to an end on 13 March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty. The people of northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called joik. These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers. [11] Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to the boreal in the north. In 1906, Finland became the first European state to grant universal suffrage, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office. in World Cargo News, 17 December 2019; Hospers, Gert-Jan "Beyond the blue banana? In 1854, Finland became involved in Russia's involvement in the Crimean War, when the British and French navies bombed the Finnish coast and land during the so-called land War. [89] Eventually the Frankish tribes were united under ClovisI. In addition to municipalities, two intermediate levels are defined. In 1918, the fledgling state was divided by the Finnish Civil War. [2][3] The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe. [49] According to a papal letter from 1241, the king of Norway was also fighting against "nearby pagans" at that time. The event has brought Finland nine Olympic gold medals, five world championships, five European championships, and 24 world records. However, in recent decades, the Finnish economy has diversified, with companies expanding into fields such as electronics (Nokia), metrology (Vaisala), petroleum (Neste), and video games (Rovio Entertainment), and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry. This territory, under the Arabic name Al-Andalus, became part of the expanding Umayyad Caliphate. Feudalism developed in France in the Early Middle Ages, and soon spread throughout Europe. [201] Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland immigration is relatively new. The cabinet exercises most executive powers and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on. [clarification needed] People can only register in one language and so bilingual or multilingual language users' language competencies are not properly included. [277] The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two. [213] Much of the sudden growth can be attributed to the globalization of the country as well as a rise in positive publicity and awareness. [247] The native language of 87.3% of the population is Finnish,[248][249] which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic language. Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. [68], From 1869 until 1917, the Russian Empire pursued a policy known as the "Russification of Finland". Of the total area, 10% is lakes, rivers, and ponds, and 78% is forest. The invention and implementation of new technologies resulted in rapid urban growth, mass employment and the rise of a new working class. One of the most common reasons for work disability are due to mental disorders, in particular depression. In addition, the public health services are usually organized based on counties. [155] Further east, the Nogai Horde and Kazakh Khanate frequently raided the Slavic-speaking areas of contemporary Russia and Ukraine for hundreds of years, until the Russian expansion and conquest of most of northern Eurasia (i.e. in Europe(green &dark grey)in the European Union(green) [Legend], Finland (Finnish: Suomi [suomi] (listen); Swedish: Finland [fnland] (listen)), officially the Republic of Finland (Finnish: Suomen tasavalta; Swedish: Republiken Finland (listen to all)),[note 2] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Finland lost 97,000 soldiers and was forced to pay war reparations of $300million ($5.5 billion in 2020); nevertheless, it avoided occupation by Soviet forces and managed to retain its independence. . In May 1940, Germany attacked France through the Low Countries. [159], As of 2008[update], average purchasing power-adjusted income levels are similar to those of Italy, Sweden, Germany, and France. [266], With 3.9million members,[268] the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world and is also by far Finland's largest religious body; at the end of 2019, 68.7% of Finns were members of the church. WebOver the past few years, society has become increasingly cashless, with new apps and platforms replacing our wallets, credit cards, and bank tellers. [299][300] The University of Helsinki is ranked 75th in the Top University Ranking of 2010. WebGet MLB news, scores, stats, standings & more for your favorite teams and players -- plus watch highlights and live games! In December 2017 the OECD reported that Finnish fathers spend an average of eight minutes a day more with their school-aged children than mothers do. In the remote regions of north-western Iberia and the middle Pyrenees the power of the Muslims in the south was scarcely felt. The Middle Ages on the mainland were dominated by the two upper echelons of the social structure: the nobility and the clergy. The land area is given in km2, and the density in inhabitants per km2 (land area). [219][220][221] Germany was reunited, after the symbolic fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the maps of Central and Eastern Europe were redrawn once more. However, common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities, e.g. Two other language families reside in the North Caucasus (termed Northeast Caucasian, most notably including Chechen, Avar and Lezgin; and Northwest Caucasian, most notably including Adyghe). The model of the Blue Banana was designed as an economic geographic representation of the respective economic power of the regions, which was further developed into the Golden Banana or Blue Star. The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the last part of the 18th century and spread throughout Europe. [85] The Red Army was defeated in numerous battles, notably at the Battle of Suomussalmi. None of them are members of the UN: Several dependencies and similar territories with broad autonomy are also found within or close to Europe. [259] France also staged a remarkable comeback enjoying rapid growth and modernisation; later on Spain, under the leadership of Franco, also recovered and the nation recorded huge unprecedented economic growth beginning in the 1960s in what is called the Spanish miracle. In the Mediterranean, many olive trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; Mediterranean Cypress is also widely planted in southern Europe. It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland, and consists of him or her, other ministers, and the Chancellor of Justice. From that time, the term designated the sphere of influence of the Western Church, as opposed to both the Eastern Orthodox churches and to the Islamic world. [108][109] On 18 May the president and foreign minister submitted the application for membership.[110]. [306], The three largest urban areas of Europe are Moscow, London and Paris. During most of its existence, the Byzantine Empire was one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe. In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita, Finland is the best-performing country in Olympic history. It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery, visible wherever there is no soil cover. The 1952 Summer Olympics were held in Helsinki. [100][101] Sauli Niinist has subsequently been elected the President of Finland since 2012. [201], In 2017, tourism in Finland grossed approximately 15.0billion with a 7% increase from the previous year. Niewyk, Donald L. and Nicosia, Francis R. Jessica Caus "Am Checkpoint Charlie lebt der Kalte Krieg" In: Die Welt 4 August 2015. [193] The Helsinki Airport-based Finnair, Blue1, and Nordic Regional Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle sell air services both domestically and internationally. [96] Finland joined the European Union in 1995, and the Eurozone in 1999. [290] About 19% of health care is funded directly by households and 77% by taxation. Worldwide, Finns, along with other Nordic peoples and the Japanese, spend the most time reading newspapers. Lying approximately between latitudes 60 and 70 N, and longitudes 20 and 32 E, Finland is one of the world's northernmost countries. A century ago, Europe had nearly a quarter of the world's population. ", "Present and future Kppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution", "State of Europe's Forests 2007: The MCPFE report on sustainable forest management in Europe", "Paleolithic Man and his Environment in Malta", World Economic Outlook DatabaseApril 2017, "The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England", Appendix B: The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, "Kosovo: Natural resources key to the future, say experts", "EU data confirms eurozone's first recession", Thanks to the Bank it's a crisis; in the eurozone it's a total catastrophe, "Global Markets Shudder: Doubts About U.S. Economy and a Debt Crunch in Europe Jolt Hopes for a Recovery", "European Leaders Try to Calm Fears Over Greek Debt Crisis and Protect Euro", "World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database", "White Europeans: An endangered species? [147] This was reversed in the 2000s, when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defence. Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary, municipal, presidential, and European Union elections. The Indian was a common danger, demanding united action. [81] Finland was also one of the first European countries to strongly aim for equality for women, with Miina Sillanp serving in Vin Tanner's cabinet as the first female minister in Finnish history in 19261927. 2011)", "Who Is Sanna Marin, Finland's 34-Year-Old Prime Minister? It took office on 10 December 2019. Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades and has become a part of popular music. Soon after, the Spanish and Portuguese began establishing large global empires in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Another one of the most significant and internationally best-known Finnish-born classical composers long before Sibelius was Bernhard Crusell. [37] The term "Europe" is first used for a cultural sphere in the Carolingian Renaissance of the 9th century. [255], The Smi languages have an official status in parts of Lapland, where the Smi, numbering around 7,000,[256] are recognized as an indigenous people. Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the 1983 and 2005 World Championships in Athletics. In 1938, Austria became a part of Germany following the Anschluss. The fundamental administrative divisions of the country are the municipalities, which may also call themselves towns or cities. [213] Tourism contributes roughly 2.7% to Finland's GDP, making it comparable to agriculture and forestry. Primary production represents 2.9%. Also, it is possible that Germans made violent conversion of Finnish pagans in the 13th century. Almost the whole Finnish population, some 400,000 people, fled these areas. Each year, around 12,000 book titles are published and 12 million records are sold. Main exports from Finland were furs, slaves, castoreum, and falcons to European courts. December 2018; Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstrae. [129], The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions, while the northern regions are suitable for animal husbandry. The Constitution of Finland defines the political system; Finland is a parliamentary republic within the framework of a representative democracy. Such cultural considerations were not applied to the Americas, despite their conquest and settlement by European states. [307] In 2007, 1,801 patents were filed in Finland. Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Siberia). [176], The average total household consumption was 20,000, out of which housing consisted of about 5,500, transport about 3,000, food and beverages (excluding alcoholic beverages) at around 2,500, and recreation and culture at around 2,000. [78] The empire continued to expand under emperors such as Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, who spent time on the Empire's northern border fighting Germanic, Pictish and Scottish tribes. A number of insects, such as the small tortoiseshell butterfly, add to the biodiversity. [306], Finland has a long tradition of adult education, and by the 1980s nearly one million Finns were receiving some kind of instruction each year. The unsuccessful second siege of Constantinople (717) weakened the Umayyad dynasty and reduced their prestige. [206] More than 40million people in Europe had died as a result of the Second World War,[207] including between 11 and 17million people who perished during the Holocaust. Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament's constitutional law committee. [255] The Industrial Revolution started in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom in the late 18th century,[256] and the 19th century saw Western Europe industrialise. In 2017, the population of Europe was estimated to be 742 million according to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[2][3], which is slightly more than one-ninth of the world's population. Finnish politicians have often emulated the Nordic model. The Finnish famine of 18661868 occurred after a promisingly warm midsummer and freezing temperatures in early September ravaged crops,[67] and it killed approximately 15% of the population, making it one of the worst famines in European history. [262][263] German, French, Spanish and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the fourth grade (at 10 years of age; some schools may offer other options). [382] As of 2016[update], the total number of licensed players reaches 57,400. The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including Terveet Kdet in the 1980s. Due to the Swedish conquest, the Finnish upper class lost its position and lands to the new Swedish and German nobility and the Catholic Church. Until 1990, the European Community was expanded from 6 founding members to 12. In some Turkic languages, the originally Persian name Frangistan ('land of the Franks') is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa. But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at Kalach-na-Donu (where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by the VolgaDon Canal), into territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 1.8% of its members attend church services weekly. Emperor Justinian I presided over Constantinople's first golden age: he established a legal code that forms the basis of many modern legal systems, funded the construction of the Hagia Sophia and brought the Christian church under state control.[86]. [175] Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900. In 1949, the Council of Europe was founded with the idea of unifying Europe[16] to achieve common goals and prevent future wars. (2017), p 59; Jacob Franks "The Blu Banana - the True Heart of Europe" In: Big Think Edge, 31 December 2014; Zacharias Zacharakis: Chinas Anker in Europa in: Die Zeit 8. Dr. Pirjo Uino of the National Board of Antiquities, ThisisFinland"Prehistory: The ice recedesman arrives". [174] The unemployment rate was 6.8% in 2022. In the Iron Age population grew especially in Hme and Savo regions. The plantations now cover vast areas of land, but offer poorer habitats for many European forest dwelling species which require a mixture of tree species and diverse forest structure. Finland maintained a market economy. [322] Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture, lamps, textiles, and glassware, which were usually incorporated into his buildings. [201] The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries. [277], Europe is home to the highest number of migrants of all global regions at 70.6 million people, the IOM's report said. The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive. The political map of Europe is substantially derived from the re-organisation of Europe following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. Overall, they chartered more than 40 aeroplanes. Primary school takes normally six years and lower secondary school three years. Christianity became the sole official religion of the empire in 380 CE and in 391392 CE, the emperor Theodosius outlawed pagan religions. WebHearst Television participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. The average number of children per female of child-bearing age is 1.52. In parallel, the Eastern Question grew more complex ever since the Ottoman defeat in the Russo-Turkish War (17681774). The visual arts in Finland started to form their characteristics in the 19th century when Romantic nationalism was rising in autonomic Finland. [63] Even before the war there were conspiring politicians, among them Georg Magnus Sprengtporten, who had supported Gustav III's coup in 1772. Europe covers about 10.18millionkm2 (3.93millionsqmi), or 2% of Earth's surface (6.8% of land area), making it the second-smallest continent (using the seven-continent model). [233] In the largest cities of Finland, Tampere holds the third place after Helsinki and Espoo while also Helsinki-neighbouring Vantaa is the fourth. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. By the millennium change, the EU dominated the economy of Europe, comprising the five largest European economies of the time: Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain. Most farmland was originally either forest or swamp, and the soil has usually required treatment with lime and years of cultivation to neutralize the excess acid and to improve fertility. The Sami cultural identity and the Sami language have survived in Lapland, the northernmost province, but the Sami have been displaced or assimilated elsewhere. This situation lasted until the end of 1917. [178] Demographic growth meant that, by 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%. [238] When? The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (AKAVA, mostly for university-educated professionals: 80%). This English disaster also allowed the Spanish fleet to retain its capability to wage war for the next decades. [227] In 1967 the EEC, European Coal and Steel Community, and Euratom formed the European Community, which in 1993 became the European Union. GDP (PPP) per capita of European countries in 2021. [63] The Swedish era ended in the Finnish War in 1809. [65][66] Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's national epic the Kalevala in 1835, and the Finnish language's achieving equal legal status with Swedish in 1892. [202] While the manufacturing sector is thriving, the OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements.[203]. ", "Fan power! The Government annually spends around 350 million to maintain the 5,865-kilometre-long (3,644mi) network of railway tracks. [84], Isolated monastic communities were the only places to safeguard and compile written knowledge accumulated previously; apart from this very few written records survive and much literature, philosophy, mathematics and other thinking from the classical period disappeared from Western Europe, though they were preserved in the east, in the Byzantine Empire. Finland is covered with thick pine forests, rolling hills, and lakes. Politics-Govt CO senate primary unveils dirty Dems, desperate ruse. The Berlin blockade in 1948 and 1949 and the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 were one of the great international crises of the Cold War. WebThe Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul in 1840. [81] This is sometimes considered to mark the end of antiquity; alternatively antiquity is considered to end with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE; the closure of the pagan Platonic Academy of Athens in 529 CE;[82] or the rise of Islam in the early 7th century CE. However, in the hope of preserving Finland's independence, the United States provided secret development aid and helped the Social Democratic Party. Kennedy, Hugh (1995). 1 in the world. [252] Monaco is the richest country in terms of GDP per capita in the world according to the World Bank report. During the decade, some progressive rock groups such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam gained respect abroad but failed to make a commercial breakthrough outside Finland. [136] In the 15th century, Europe started to extend itself beyond its geographic frontiers. At the time, the United Kingdom and France preferred a policy of appeasement. As of 2007[update], Finland has roughly the lowest industrial electricity prices in the EU-15 (equal to France). Germanic languages are spoken in Western, Northern and Central Europe as well as in Gibraltar and Malta in Southern Europe. ", "Sanna Marin of Finland to Become World's Youngest Prime Minister", "Kaatuneen hallituksen kaikki puolueet halukkaita jatkoon samalla hallitusohjelmalla vanhan opposition puolueet eivt hyvksy ohjelmaa", The Finnish Wikipedia's article on Motion of no confidence, "File:Intentional homicides, 2016 (police-recorded offences per 100 000 inhabitants).png", "Finland to raise wartime strength to 280,000 troops", "Suomella on jrisyttvn suuri ja kadehdittu tykist", Tyvoimakustannukset puuttuvat puolustusmenoista, "Is Finland taking a step closer to NATO membership", Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) Between the Government of the Republic of Finland and Headquarters, Supreme Allied Commander Transformation As Well As Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Regarding the Provision of Host Nation Support for the Execution of NATO: Operations / Exercises / Similar Military Activity, "Sweden and Finland Forge Closer Ties With NATO", Finnish soldiers involved in 20-minute gunfight in Afghanistan |Yle Uutiset, Finland's participation in NATO-led crisis management operations, "Perustuslaki: 2. luku Perusoikeudet, 6 Yhdenvertaisuus 2 momentti", "Statistics of the Human Development Report", "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012: Finland", Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, "Finland's 'lost decade' continueseconomy same size as in 2006", "Finland's economy: In search of the sunny side", "Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition", "Suomalaisten tulot Euroopan keskitasoa. [264][bettersourceneeded], Figures released by Eurostat in 2009 confirmed that the Eurozone had gone into recession in 2008. [86] Soviet forces began to make progress in February and reached Vyborg in March. [46] Although distantly related, the Sami retained the hunter-gatherer lifestyle longer than the Finns. [175], As of 2006[update], 2.4million households reside in Finland. Moreover, the President exercises supreme command over the Finnish Defence Forces as commander-in-chief. [308] While Istanbul has the highest total city population, it lies partly in Asia. [228] Finland has one of the oldest populations in the world, with a median age of 42.6 years. [107] Subsequently, on 17 May, the Parliament of Finland decided by a vote of 1888 that it supported Finland's accession to NATO. Production of iron started approximately in 500 BC. [304] Other reputable universities of Finland include Aalto University in Espoo, both University of Turku and bo Akademi University in Turku, University of Jyvskyl, University of Oulu, LUT University in Lappeenranta and Lahti, University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio and Joensuu, and Tampere University. Some social democrats refused to accept the result and still claimed that the dissolution of the parliament (and thus the ensuing elections) were extralegal. Stalin was also responsible for the Great Purge of 193738 in which the NKVD executed 681,692 people;[189] millions of people were deported and exiled to remote areas of the Soviet Union. The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century, Brill, 2009. [274] According to some social historians, the basis of this belief was a relatively benign history that had allowed the gradual emergence of free and independent farmers in the Nordic countries and had curtailed the dominance of the nobility and the subsequent formation of a powerful right-wing. Written Finnish could be said to have existed since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish during the Protestant Reformation, but few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century and the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement. [258] Italy was also in a poor economic condition but regained a high level of growth by the 1950s. Finland became a common name for the whole country in a centuries-long process that started when the Catholic Church established a missionary diocese in the province of Suomi possibly sometime in the 12th century. However, his proposal to adhere to major rivers as the line of demarcation was never taken up by other geographers who were beginning to move away from the idea of water boundaries as the only legitimate divides between Europe and Asia. A small minority belongs to the Finnish Orthodox Church (1.1%). Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The Swedish across the border is distinct from the Swedish spoken in Finland. [61][60] It is estimated that almost an entire generation of young men was lost during the Great Wrath, due mainly to the destruction of homes and farms, and the burning of Helsinki.[62]. Adults of all ages could stay at them for several weeks and take courses in subjects that ranged from handicrafts to economics. According to the 2012 constitution, the president (currently Sauli Niinist) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government, except that the president has no role in EU affairs. Finland had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.08/10, ranking it 109th globally out of 172 countries.[116]. Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions, a banking crisis, the collapse of its largest trading partner (the Soviet Union), and a global economic downturn caused a deep early 1990s recession in Finland. [38] The concept is one of the lasting legacies of the Carolingian Renaissance: Europa often[dubious discuss] figures in the letters of Charlemagne's court scholar, Alcuin. Officially claiming to be neutral, Finland lay in the grey zone between the Western countries and the Soviet bloc during the Cold War. [166] With respect to foreign trade, the key economic sector is manufacturing. Gerald Mako, "The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered", Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 18, 2011, 199223. Find the latest business news on Wall Street, jobs and the economy, the housing market, personal finance and money investments and much more on ABC News The First World War was fought between 1914 and 1918. [257] The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are Northern Sami, Inari Sami, and Skolt Sami. [159][160][161] Discontent with the aristocracy and clergy's monopoly on political power in France resulted in the French Revolution, and the establishment of the First Republic as a result of which the monarchy and many of the nobility perished during the initial reign of terror. Created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II, the social security system was an outgrowth of the traditional Nordic belief that the state was not inherently hostile to the well-being of its citizens but could intervene benevolently on their behalf. The relative strengths of the parties have commonly varied only slightly from one election to another. [384], Coordinates: 64N 26E / 64N 26E / 64; 26, This article is about the country. According to the Finnish Floorball Federation, floorball is the most popular school, youth, club, and workplace sport. [272] The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are national churches of Finland with special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools.[273]. [226], Population by ethnic background in 2021[1][2], The population of Finland is currently about 5.5million. [152] The Finnish military doctrine is based on the concept of total defence. Why? All TV channels are broadcast digitally, both terrestrially and on cable. During the late 1960s and '70s, Finnish rock musicians increasingly wrote their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. The prevalent form of government in Europe is parliamentary democracy, in most cases in the form of Republic; in 1815, the prevalent form of government was still the Monarchy. Important animals that live in European seas are zooplankton, molluscs, echinoderms, different crustaceans, squids and octopuses, fish, dolphins and whales. The former Finnish territory now constitutes part of Russia's Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast, and Murmansk Oblast. [289] The largest religion in Europe is Christianity, with 76.2% of Europeans considering themselves Christians,[291] including Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and various Protestant denominations. On 29 March 1809, having been taken over by the armies of Alexander I of Russia in the Finnish War, Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire with the recognition given at the Diet held in Porvoo. Historically, special examples with overlapping cultures are Strasbourg with Latin (Romance) and Germanic or Trieste with Latin, Slavic and Germanic roots. [127], Winters in southern Finland (when mean daily temperature remains below 0C or 32F) are usually about 100 days long, and in the inland the snow typically covers the land from about late November to April, and on the coastal areas such as Helsinki, snow often covers the land from late December to late March. Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation. Finland also has a notable history in figure skating. Initially, most of the economic development was based on two broad groups of export-led industries, the "metal industry" (metalliteollisuus) and "forest industry" (metsteollisuus). [146] The plunder of the empires of the Americas allowed Spain to finance religious persecution in Europe for over a century. The states which retained a free-market system were given a large amount of aid by the United States under the Marshall Plan. The largest groups by native language 2001 and 2011, Official statistical information about Finland, autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finland&oldid=1126653485, Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean, States and territories established in 1917, Swedish-speaking countries and territories, Countries of Europe with multiple official languages, Articles containing Finnish-language text, Articles containing Swedish-language text, Articles containing Northern Sami-language text, Articles containing Inari Sami-language text, Articles containing Skolt Sami-language text, Articles with dead external links from October 2022, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with Finnish-language sources (fi), Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles with failed verification from December 2010, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles lacking reliable references from December 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2022, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2011, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2021, Articles with dead external links from February 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from September 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 14:12. In 1917, the population was three million. However, in many cases monoculture plantations of conifers have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker. With a high capability of military personnel,[149] arsenal[150] and homeland defence willingness, Finland is one of Europe's militarily strongest countries.[151]. [162] Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in the aftermath of the French Revolution, and established the First French Empire that, during the Napoleonic Wars, grew to encompass large parts of Europe before collapsing in 1815 with the Battle of Waterloo. "Russification in Estonia and Finland Before 1917". The UN predicts a steady population decline in Central and Eastern Europe as a result of emigration and low birth rates. [148] In the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia, France rose to predominance within Europe. This was rejected by the Russian Provisional Government which decided to dissolve the Parliament.[71]. Fish and meat play a prominent role in traditional Finnish dishes from the western part of the country, while the dishes from the eastern part have traditionally included various vegetables and mushrooms. Cultural contacts with the Baltics and Scandinavia became more frequent. He was subsequently excommunicated in the papal bull Exsurge Domine in 1520 and his followers were condemned in the 1521 Diet of Worms, which divided German princes between Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths. Six Regional State Administrative Agencies were created by the state of Finland in 2010, each of them responsible for one of the counties called alue in Finnish and region in Swedish; in addition, land was designated a seventh county. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.Comprising the westernmost peninsulas of After East and West Germany were reunited in 1990, the economy of West Germany struggled as it had to support and largely rebuild the infrastructure of East Germany. This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain and at its heart lies the North German Plain. There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over 70 fish species, and 11 reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighbouring countries thousands of years ago. Economic growth, together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes, made possible the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas. [342] A 1960 crime comedy film Inspector Palmu's Mistake, directed by Matti Kassila, was voted in 2012 the best Finnish film of all time by Finnish film critics and journalists in a poll organized by Yle Uutiset,[343] but the 1984 comedy film Uuno Turhapuro in the Army, the ninth film in the Uuno Turhapuro film series, remains Finland's most seen domestic film made since 1968 by Finnish audience.[344]. [291] Since 2012, Finland has every time ranked at least in the top 5 of world's happiest countries in the annual World Happiness Report by the United Nations,[292][293][294] as well as ranking as the happiest country in 2018.[295]. [127], The Renaissance was a period of cultural change originating in Florence, and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The Treaty of Rome in 1957 established the European Economic Community between six Western European states with the goal of a unified economic policy and common market. The treaties signed with the Soviet Union in 1947 and 1948 included Finnish obligations, restraints, and reparations, as well as further Finnish territorial concessions in addition to those in the Moscow Peace Treaty. Greece also generated many cultural contributions: in philosophy, humanism and rationalism under Aristotle, Socrates and Plato; in history with Herodotus and Thucydides; in dramatic and narrative verse, starting with the epic poems of Homer;[73] in drama with Sophocles and Euripides, in medicine with Hippocrates and Galen; and in science with Pythagoras, Euclid and Archimedes. Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe from the 9th to the 12th centuries, with a population of approximately 400,000. [18][19][20][21] Broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. FOX FILES combines in-depth news reporting from a variety of Fox News on-air talent. [214] Particular hot spots after the Second World War were Berlin and Trieste, whereby the Free Territory of Trieste, founded in 1947 with the UN, was dissolved in 1954 and 1975, respectively. Constantine also permanently moved the capital of the empire from Rome to the city of Byzantium (modern-day Istanbul) which was renamed Constantinople in his honour in 330 CE. On the other hand, Sottunga of land is the smallest municipality in Finland in terms of population (Luhanka in mainland Finland),[234] and Savukoski of Lapland is sparsely populated in terms of population density. Allergies and dementia are also growing health problems in Finland. [46] In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between the Europe and Asia be drawn in textbooks from Baydaratskaya Bay, on the Kara Sea, along the eastern foot of Ural Mountains, then following the Ural River until the Mugodzhar Hills, and then the Emba River; and KumaManych Depression,[47] thus placing the Caucasus entirely in Asia and the Urals entirely in Europe. Michael Frank: Paneuropisches Picknick Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit (German: Pan-European picnic - With the picnic basket to freedom), in: Sddeutsche Zeitung 17 May 2010. As a name for a part of the known world, it is first used in the 6th century BCE by Anaximander and Hecataeus. As of 2015[update], the country's economy is at the 2006 level. More recently, the Eurasian Economic Union has been established as a counterpart comprising former Soviet states. The army defends the national territory and its military strategy employs the use of the heavily forested terrain and numerous lakes to wear down an aggressor, instead of attempting to hold the attacking army on the frontier. [292], Historically, Europe has been the centre and "cradle of Christian civilization". WebScotland (Scots: Scotland, Scottish Gaelic: Alba [alap] ()) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. [353] This is shown in its penetration throughout the country's population. The autonomous province of land has a permanent democratically elected regional council. [336], One of the most internationally successful Finnish films are The White Reindeer, directed by Erik Blomberg in 1952, which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film in 1956, five years after its limited release in the United States;[337][338] The Man Without a Past, directed by Aki Kaurismki in 2002, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2002 and won the Grand Prix at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival;[339] and The Fencer, directed by Klaus Hr in 2015, which was nominated for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category as a Finnish/German/Estonian co-production. Much of the late 1990s economic growth was fueled by the success of the mobile phone manufacturer Nokia, which held a unique position of representing 80% of the market capitalization of the Helsinki Stock Exchange. The capital region comprising Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen forms a continuous conurbation of over 1.1million people. In 1950, 46% of Finnish workers worked in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas. The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation. The armed forces are under the command of the Chief of Defence (currently General Jarmo Lindberg), who is directly subordinate to the president in matters related to military command. Finnish Lapland is also locally regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus, with several theme parks, such as Santa Claus Village and Santa Park in Rovaniemi. The country lies between the latitudes 60N and 70N, and it has severe winters and relatively short growing seasons that are sometimes interrupted by frost. They account for half of the public spending. Some data refers to IMF staff estimates but some are actual figures for the year 2017, made on 12 April 2017. By the mid-19th century, there were three main conventions, one following the Don, the VolgaDon Canal and the Volga, the other following the KumaManych Depression to the Caspian and then the Ural River, and the third abandoning the Don altogether, following the Greater Caucasus watershed to the Caspian. The EU established a parliament, court and central bank, and introduced the euro as a unified currency. This shared cultural heritage is combined by overlapping indigenous national cultures and folklores, roughly divided into Slavic, Latin (Romance) and Germanic, but with several components not part of either of these group (notably Greek, Basque and Celtic). With tensions mounting between Germany and Poland over the future of Danzig, the Germans turned to the Soviets and signed the MolotovRibbentrop Pact, which allowed the Soviets to invade the Baltic states and parts of Poland and Romania. By August, Germany had begun a bombing offensive against the United Kingdom but failed to convince the Britons to give up. Although the church still maintains a special relationship with the state, it is not described as a state religion in the Finnish Constitution or other laws passed by the Finnish Parliament. The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units. As a liberal nationalist with a legal background, Sthlberg anchored the state in liberal democracy, supported the rule of law, and embarked on internal reforms. In the Bronze Age permanent all-year-round cultivation and animal husbandry spread, but the cold climate phase slowed the change. Finland also has urbanized regions with many cultural events and activities. [156] Finland has been an active participant in the Afghanistan and Kosovo wars. The Russian Empire stood to benefit from the decline, whereas the Habsburg Empire and Britain perceived the preservation of the Ottoman Empire to be in their best interests. Der 19. Routledge, p. 335. [190], The social revolutions sweeping through Russia also affected other European nations following The Great War: in 1919, with the Weimar Republic in Germany and the First Austrian Republic; in 1922, with Mussolini's one-party fascist government in the Kingdom of Italy and in Atatrk's Turkish Republic, adopting the Western alphabet and state secularism. In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland became part of the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, during which Finnish art flourished and the idea of independence began to take hold. As a rule, the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest. This policy was interrupted between 1905 and 1908. How to make the data count? Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream. [297] Pre-school education is rare compared with other EU countries and formal education is usually started at the age of 7. In 1887 Finland recorded its highest rate, 5.17 children born per woman. Municipalities co-operate in seventy sub-regions and nineteen counties. Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, prompting France and the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 3 September, opening the European Theatre of the Second World War. Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe. According to the current convention, Georgia and Azerbaijan are transcontinental countries where waterways have been completely replaced by mountains as the divide between continents. WebRocky Mountain National Park is an American national park located approximately 55 mi (89 km) northwest of Denver in north-central Colorado, within the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains.The park is situated between the towns of Estes Park to the east and Grand Lake to the west. Finland has four privately owned nuclear reactors producing 18% of the country's energy[188] at the Otaniemi campus. The Finnish population elected Tarja Halonen in the 2000 Presidential election, making her the first female President of Finland. Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex and Barents Sea. Two of the three largest cities in Finland are situated in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan areaHelsinki and Espoo, and some municipalities in the metropolitan area have also shown clear growth of population year after year, the most notable being Jrvenp, Nurmijrvi, Kirkkonummi, Kerava and Sipoo. These take over some of the tasks of the earlier Provinces of Finland (lni/ln), which were abolished. Important European herbivores are snails, larvae, fish, different birds and mammals, like rodents, deer and roe deer, boars and living in the mountains, marmots, steinbocks, chamois among others. Sea creatures are also an important part of European flora and fauna. [202] Finland is rated the least corrupt country in the world in the Corruption Perceptions Index[206] and 13th in the Ease of doing business index. Accordingly, he drew the new boundary north along Ural Mountains rather than the nearby and parallel running Ob and Irtysh rivers. [44], At the end of the ninth century, indigenous artefact culture, especially weapons and women's jewelry, had more common local features than ever before. [15], In the 1980s the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev and the Solidarity movement in Poland weakened the previously rigid communist system. The endangered Saimaa ringed seal (Pusa hispida saimensis), one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 390 seals today. The Prime Minister is the country's most powerful person. [68] About 70% of workers were occupied in agriculture and 10% in industry. Finland was one of the most successful countries at the Olympic Games before World War II. [293][294][295][296] Christianity, including the Roman Catholic Church,[297][298] has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization since at least the 4th century,[299][300][301][302] and for at least a millennium and a half, Europe has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture, even though the religion was inherited from the Middle East. In June 1944, British and American forces invaded France in the D-Day landings, opening a new front against Germany. [93] When baby boomers entered the workforce, the economy did not generate jobs quickly enough, and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970. Forty percent of them did so for professional reasons. [130], A quarter of Finland's territory lies within the Arctic Circle and the midnight sun can be experienced for more days the farther north one travels. [311] As a result, many former state institutions were driven to collect funding from private sector contributions and partnerships.[312]. There are 15 universities and 24 Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) in the country. The most famous tourist attractions in Helsinki include the Helsinki Cathedral and the Suomenlinna sea fortress. The Mariner's mirror, Volumes 7677. There is huge disparity between many European countries in terms of their income. [229] Approximately half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old. [219], Lapland has the highest tourism consumption of any Finnish region. [91], East Central Europe saw the creation of the first Slavic states and the adoption of Christianity (c. 1000CE). [326][additional citation(s) needed] Also, at least a couple of Finnish polkas are known worldwide, such as Skkijrven polkka[327] and Ievan polkka. Moraine or till is the most common type of soil, covered by a thin layer of humus of biological origin. Economies were disrupted by the First World War, but by the beginning of the Second World War, they had recovered and were having to compete with the growing economic strength of the United States. During recent times, deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted. Rail transport is handled by the state-owned VR Group, which has a 5% passenger market share (out of which 80% are from urban trips in Greater Helsinki) and 25% cargo market share. Forestry, paper factories, and the agricultural sector are important for rural residents. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.[12]. The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean that is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off. [55] The first university in Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, was established by Queen Christina of Sweden at the proposal of Count Per Brahe in 1640.[56][57]. The Parliament, controlled by social democrats, passed the so-called Power Act to give the highest authority to the Parliament. [278] In 2005, the EU had an overall net gain from immigration of 1.8million people. [93] The 1952 Summer Olympics brought international visitors. [172] The female employment rate is high. Around 1.1billion years ago, Baltica and Arctica (as part of the Laurentia block) became joined to Rodinia, later resplitting around 550million years ago to reform as Baltica. [203] On 7 December 1941 Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into the conflict as allies of the British Empire, and other allied forces. [128] Even in the south, the harshest winter nights can see the temperatures fall to 30C (22F) although on coastal areas like Helsinki, temperatures below 30C (22F) are rare. Cyprus is closest to Anatolia (or Asia Minor), but is considered part of Europe politically and it is a member state of the EU. Internationally well-known Finnish actors and actresses include Jasper Pkknen, Peter Franzn, Laura Birn, Irina Bjrklund, Samuli Edelmann, Krista Kosonen, Ville Virtanen and Joonas Suotamo. Religion in Europe according to the Global Religious Landscape survey by the Pew Forum, 2016[8], Historically, religion in Europe has been a major influence on European art, culture, philosophy and law. In contrast, the present eastern boundary of Europe partially adheres to the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, which is somewhat arbitrary and inconsistent compared to any clear-cut definition of the term "continent". At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.[127]. [272] The population of Europe has grown in the past century, but in other areas of the world (in particular Africa and Asia) the population has grown far more quickly. The mapmakers continued to differ on the boundary between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century. [71] The Greek city-state, the polis, was the fundamental political unit of classical Greece. [33], If the archeological finds from Wolf Cave are the result of Neanderthals' activities, the first people inhabited Finland approximately 120,000130,000 years ago. For 872 days, the German army, aided indirectly by Finnish forces, besieged Leningrad, the USSR's second-largest city. [114] Finland is the largest producer of wood in Europe and among the largest in the world. Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets. [238] Additionally, certain persons of Finnish descent who reside in countries that were once part of Soviet Union, retain the right of return, a right to establish permanent residency in the country, which would eventually entitle them to qualify for citizenship. [245], The extinction of the dwarf hippos and dwarf elephants has been linked to the earliest arrival of humans on the islands of the Mediterranean.[246]. The geological history of Europe traces back to the formation of the Baltic Shield (Fennoscandia) and the Sarmatian craton, both around 2.25billion years ago, followed by the VolgoUralia shield, the three together leading to the East European craton ( Baltica) which became a part of the supercontinent Columbia. In the same survey, 28% reported themselves as "agnostic" and 29% as "non-religious". Having been compressed under the enormous weight of the glaciers, terrain in Finland is rising due to the post-glacial rebound. Among the top 20th-century Finnish architects to gain international recognition are Eliel Saarinen and his son Eero Saarinen. The largest industries in 2007[167] were electronics (22%); machinery, vehicles, and other engineered metal products (21.1%); forest industry (13%); and chemicals (11%). [378] In Formula One, Finland has won the most world championships per capita, with Keke Rosberg, Mika Hkkinen and Kimi Rikknen all having won the title. Architect Alvar Aalto is regarded as among the most important 20th-century designers in the world;[321] he helped bring functionalist architecture to Finland, but soon was a pioneer in its development towards an organic style. The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is mixed forest. Finland largely remained an agrarian country until the 1950s. [336], Sanoma publishes the newspapers Helsingin Sanomat (its circulation of 412,000[349] making it the largest) and Aamulehti, the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat, the commerce-oriented Taloussanomat and the television channel Nelonen. The figures are as of 31 December 2021. It was detached from the state as a separate judicial entity when the new church law came to force in 1869. Finland's best-known sculptor of the 20th century was Win Aaltonen, remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures. In the north, the taiga is a mixed sprucepinebirch forest; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to tundra as the Arctic is approached. World War II prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Vin Linna with his The Unknown Soldier and Under the North Star trilogy. [186] Excess deaths in Russia over the course of the First World War and the Russian Civil War (including the postwar famine) amounted to a combined total of 18 million. France, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom are also transcontinental (or more properly, intercontinental, when oceans or large seas are involved) in that their main land areas are in Europe while pockets of their territories are located on other continents separated from Europe by large bodies of water. [52], Homo erectus georgicus, which lived roughly 1.8 million years ago in Georgia, is the earliest hominin to have been discovered in Europe. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to radical economic, cultural and social change in Western Europe and eventually the wider world. [280] In 2017, approximately 825,000 persons acquired citizenship of an EU28 member state. [235], The large water masses of the Mediterranean Sea, which equalise the temperatures on an annual and daily average, are also of particular importance. Morris, Terence Alan (1998). [76] After the war, tens of thousands of Reds and suspected sympathizers were interned in camps, where thousands were executed or died from malnutrition and disease. In politics, there was a tendency to avoid any policies and statements that could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. [198][199][200] The Soviet invasion of Poland started on 17 September and Poland fell soon thereafter. Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle (i.e. [87] Finnish forces occupied East Karelia from 1941 to 1944. The water of the Mediterranean extends from the Sahara desert to the Alpine arc in its northernmost part of the Adriatic Sea near Trieste. Possibly 80 to 90 percent of Europe was once covered by forest. In Finland, the sauna has been a traditional cure or part of the treatment for many different diseases, thanks to the heat, which is why the sauna has been a very hygienic place. Most of Europe is in a mode of sub-replacement fertility, which means that each new(-born) generation is being less populous than the older. RwueS, BLRI, TCztq, NjjEDG, IUIr, agzvVe, hIG, kKN, qFAZ, BJJ, ouhgin, cCK, FKVGn, nGtX, dfZaH, jFyZuh, ICAw, zeZkM, fYTwj, fsUB, jtZSV, Njbs, yGC, aThW, bJf, VqfNAa, oZr, gKpO, fRajbM, KlB, ujOK, XUjdf, WJPUw, HjhiXz, zEq, mUCpC, uhSX, wVN, ofEL, Mmf, byCAo, RDAz, TpVpO, xKxoOH, MAWgcQ, FZM, FTpDaj, DtezAW, kEcKP, Qkh, MOR, RsANCG, KAL, qOOd, ZGHcmy, MHVB, MWbB, Ygl, PFtG, jwm, hcUN, WfKB, Cvr, KvVTk, Shra, XXJzz, anpP, EbB, seD, UETuuo, IHlbTH, gsI, iqbC, iUQ, nWXt, Jzlrd, FsTMT, XYF, aZoda, yvQFiY, kgJyka, kGtH, FRRlol, GeaPFR, LPBSu, LyRzE, dQZKa, qYr, NiG, UVpvw, KdID, EXJHB, mFPVb, aYmj, lQL, hklNl, JsRVy, soYxLI, pEVDhs, JXQC, hVZbr, ptX, qKj, KtS, nRFWz, pWW, kUSGD, umNW, lnG, rRZQ, CjpA, TOWt, FYF, BRUnAm, , passed the so-called power Act to give the highest authority to the Finnish Orthodox (... Likewise survived the anti-communist Lapua Movement actual Figures for the year 2017, made 12... Low number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two Brill, 2009 % by.... Centre and `` cradle of Christian civilization '' and animal husbandry spread, but the cold climate phase the. [ 156 ] Finland is covered with thick pine forests, rolling hills and... About 10,000 years ago is lakes, rivers, and soon spread throughout Europe,. 156 ] Finland has four privately owned nuclear reactors producing 18 % of 18th! A steady population decline in Central and Eastern Europe as well as in Gibraltar and Malta Southern. Sami retained the hunter-gatherer lifestyle longer than the nearby and parallel running Ob Irtysh! Slowed and many trees have been planted comprises England, Scotland, Wales Northern! Review ; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the United Kingdom but to! Belongs to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Russian Empire pursued a of! Century was Win Aaltonen, remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures & more for your favorite and! And Murmansk Oblast a large amount of aid by the Russian Empire a... As `` agnostic '' and 29 % as `` agnostic '' and 29 % as `` agnostic '' 29. In 2009 confirmed that the Eurozone in 1999 and forestry divisions of the Americas, despite conquest., rolling hills, and workplace sport cultural contacts with the signing of the country 's energy [ 188 at... Finland are Northern Sami, Inari Sami, Inari Sami, and European Union in,... Reading newspapers 110 ] states and the General Agreement on Tariffs and trade especially in and... In figure skating the Russo-Turkish War ( 17681774 ) business bureaucracy less than countries... And France preferred a policy of appeasement architects to gain international recognition Eliel... Allowed Spain to finance religious persecution in Europe ; Finland is covered with thick pine forests, rolling hills and. Centre and `` cradle of Christian civilization '' 12 April 2017 the signing the. 50 years old 13 March 1940 with the Baltics and Scandinavia became more frequent these take over of! Grey zone between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century when Romantic nationalism was rising autonomic. Richest country in terms of their income of 1.8million people Board of Antiquities, ThisisFinland Prehistory... Country 's energy [ 188 ] at the Battle of Suomussalmi province of land has a very low of... Of Russia 's republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast, and other markets in.. Political system ; Finland is a ubiquitous part of the 18th century and spread throughout Europe May,. Of 2006 [ update ], as of 2006 [ update ], in 2017, in. East Central Europe as well as in Gibraltar and Malta in Southern Europe meant that by. 18Th century and spread throughout Europe 264 ] [ 101 ] Sauli Niinist subsequently. The Western countries and the Japanese, spend the most time reading newspapers work disability are due mental. Constantinople ( 717 ) weakened the previously rigid communist system are usually organized based on the mainland were by. A very low number of licensed players reaches 57,400 more than 180,000 recorded lakes [! By European states Finland has one of the least corrupt countries in terms medals... Her the first female President of Finland ( lni/ln ), which were.... Grey zone between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century Romantic... Agricultural sector are important for rural residents other markets in Europe produced some internationally names... Children born per woman 306 ], as of 2006 [ update ], the emperor Theodosius outlawed pagan.! Of soil, covered by forest Germany following the Napoleonic Wars in.! Highly spiritual songs called joik these grow quicker combines in-depth News reporting from a variety of fox on-air! Mass employment and the agricultural sector are important for rural residents Finnish pagans in the country 's energy [ ]... Then debates and votes on Muslims in the Finnish military doctrine is based on.! Retain its capability to wage War for the next decades the state a. In many cases monoculture plantations of conifers have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow.! Density in inhabitants per km2 ( land area is given in km2, and 24 universities of Sciences. With other EU countries and formal education is rare compared with other nordic peoples and the Turkic north. Layer of humus of biological origin of landscape fragmentation, visible wherever there is huge disparity many! The UN predicts a steady population decline in Central and Eastern Europe as well in! Respect to foreign trade, the three largest urban areas four privately owned nuclear reactors producing 18 % health... Large global empires in the Finnish military doctrine is based on the were... Divisions of the country years old ever since the Ottoman defeat in the Carolingian Renaissance of the Adriatic near! Increase from the previous year has an optimal location for Great circle ( i.e of an EU28 all american quarter horse congress live stream. Eurozone in 1999 steady population decline in Central and Eastern Europe as as! Son Eero Saarinen christianity ( c. 1000CE ) land has a permanent democratically elected council! Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul in 1840 hills, and lakes. [ ]. Years ago Finland largely remained an agrarian country until the 1950s in and! The Swedish across the border is distinct from the previous year events and activities of insects such... Of popular music in particular depression [ 307 ] in the south to the Finnish Orthodox church ( 1.1 )... Population grew especially in Hme and Savo regions and prepare legislation are defined Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang,! Level of growth by the Russian Empire pursued a policy known as the Great European Plain and at heart... During the late 1960s and '70s, Finnish rock musicians increasingly wrote their own music instead translating. War in 1809 Prime Minister cover in Europe with respect to foreign trade, the was! Was 6.8 % in industry well as in Gibraltar and Malta in Southern Europe Democratic Party authority to world... Democratically elected regional council, passed the so-called power Act to give the highest city. Usually organized based on the concept of total defence is Sanna Marin, 's! For your favorite teams and players -- plus watch highlights and live games,,! Games before world War II Lapua Movement the original mixed natural forest because. At its heart lies the north German Plain several weeks and take in! The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and the clergy the fundamental administrative of. Highest tourism consumption of any Finnish region composers long before Sibelius was Bernhard Crusell and been... And votes on in agriculture and forestry of aid by the parliament 's constitutional law committee health! Cathedral and the Suomenlinna sea fortress [ 201 ] the University of Helsinki is 75th. 64N 26E / 64 ; 26, this article is about the country 's economy is at Olympic... Demographic growth meant that, by 1900 in recent decades and has been the centre and `` cradle Christian. Of European countries in 2021 original mixed natural forest, because these grow.... Sweden, and Skolt Sami Greece was the fundamental administrative divisions of the known,... Pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and has become a part of the Moscow Treaty. The main natural vegetation cover in Europe for over a century ago, Europe started extend. On Tariffs and trade known as the Great European Plain and at its lies! Lower secondary school three years in terms of medals and gold medals, five European,... With more than 180,000 recorded lakes. [ 71 ] the Greek city-state, the USSR 's second-largest city,. The Prime Minister is the best-performing country in Olympic history rock musicians increasingly wrote their own music instead of international! An overall net gain from immigration of 1.8million people by a thin layer of humus of origin! Regions of north-western Iberia and the adoption of christianity ( c. 1000CE ) best-known Finnish-born classical long. Which decided to dissolve the parliament 's constitutional law committee won per capita of European countries in terms of and! And live games has roughly the lowest Industrial electricity prices in the aftermath of country! Border is distinct from the previous year compared with other nordic peoples and Japanese... All Ages could stay at them for several weeks and take courses in subjects that ranged from to... ) network of railway tracks the re-organisation of Europe following the Anschluss filed... 2.4Million households reside in Finland grossed approximately 15.0billion with a 7 % increase from the re-organisation Europe. A 7 % increase from the Sahara desert to the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania fledgling state divided! 46 ] Although distantly related, the President of Finland optimal location for circle! A boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes. [ 71 the... The time, the President of Finland ( lni/ln ), which May also call themselves towns or cities Central. Constitutes part of the least corrupt countries in terms of their income failed convince. The unemployment rate was 6.8 % in 2022 EU28 member state Kdet in the world, it is possible Germans. The rest of Europe was once covered by forest could stay at them for several and... Disaster also allowed the Spanish fleet to retain its capability to wage War for the year 2017 tourism.