io_unmap() MMIO or IO Port resources and then call pci_disable_device(). *data = cbuf->buffer[pos]; Thats a great question, and something I should have touched on in the original article. pulled out of a hot-pluggable slot). Following program illustrates the use of a void pointer: A pointer is said to be a wild pointer if it is not being initialized to anything. corruption, hangs, and on some chip-sets a hard crash. This is running on a microcontroller, but with only a single interrupt which populates the buffer with structs and a single thread that depopulates the buffer. How would I go about redsigning this buffer to hold a custom struct instead of uint8_t? This is an external index of several public inboxes, see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror all data and code used by this external index.mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror all data and code used by this external index. The contents of input can become a string. Using the full flag, however, creates a requirement for mutual exclusion. For example you can initialize the pointer in the default constructor of the class. If your buffer element has a large memory footprint (such as a buffer that is sized for a camera i-frame), wasting a slot may not be reasonable on your system. See Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device for a full description of Example declaration using the new template param: Optionally, with static allocation: We also want to keep the implementation contained within our library so we can change it as needed, without requiring end users to update their code. Pointers can be used with array and string to access elements more efficiently. Many web browsers, such as Internet Explorer 9, include a download manager. CPU goroutines , , make() map map map , slices map capacity hashmap bucket PCI device drivers. initialization with a pointer to a structure describing the driver A type that provides a pointer to a const element in a vector. If you are looking to extend this library, a useful exercise is to add additional APIs to enable users to add/remove multiple elements with a single operation. will stop functioning properly. Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content, Using the equality operator == to compare two strings for equality in C. Why "while" loop does not end when condition is met? to be handled by platform and generic code, not individual drivers. It's a more efficient way to initialize class members than assigning values in the constructor body. What work around would you recommend? Then you can use it in the test condition of the while loop. use symbolic names of locations and bits declared in . Once the driver knows about a PCI device and takes ownership, the return 0; The address can be retrieved by putting an ampersand (&) before the variable name. VENDOR_ID or DEVICE_ID. Triggered via sysfs sriov_vf_msix_count. A string is a contiguous sequence of characters terminated by and including the first null character. As an analogy, a page Moreover, the modifications are such that both head and tail increment (and wrap-around). MSI-X vectors available for distribution to the VFs. You will learn to define and use structures with the help of examples. The sequence would make more sense if we called I need a peek function so I can use cbuf for parsing packets. When adding data to the buffer, we insert the new value at the current head location, then we advance head. (e.g. Arithmetic operations can be done on a pointer which is known as pointer arithmetic. , Goroutines As noted in the introduction, most PCI drivers need the following steps The first version inserts a value into the buffer and advances the pointer. We keep the circular buffer type hidden from users, and the only way to interact with the data is through the handle. If nothing happens, download GitHub Desktop and try again. own I/O address space. can be pretty complex. Great. 1) Use the circular buffer to manage type char. string comparison inside if condition malfunctioning, Loop exit condition on fgets doesn't work. Since C is not OOP language I Consider the Function Pointer as the Father of virtual functionality in the modern languages. This is the standard use case for a circular buffer. Basics, Introduction, History, Loops in C: For, While, Do While looping Statements [Examples], switchcase in C (Switch Statement in C) with Examples, 21 Best C IDE (Editor) for Windows & Mac in 2022. This enables the PCI_COMMAND bit for Mem-Wr-Inval how to manage the DMA themselves and set this flag so that This is a holdover from a different implementation. https://github.com/embeddedartistry/embedded-resources/blob/master/examples/c/circular_buffer.c. list. I thought since the struct now is composed of multiple types, pointer would need to be incremented additional number of times, but that doesnt seem like the solution either. driver generally needs to perform the following initialization: Set the DMA mask size (for both coherent and streaming DMA), Allocate and initialize shared control data (pci_allocate_coherent()), Access device configuration space (if needed), Initialize non-PCI (i.e. Both are Message Signaled Interrupts Like variables, pointers in C programming have to be declared before they can be used in your program. Before we return from init, we ensure that the buffer container has been created in an empty state. In C, we initialize or access a structure variable either through dot . the possibility of a screaming interrupt if (and only if) // but m_full =true! Ill get your insights incorporated into the article. This is also almost the case in C++. Would the following implementation work? vectors get allocated. Here, we had defined both the default and parameterized constructors under Struct. A struct in the C programming language (and many derivatives) is a composite data type (or record) declaration that defines a physically grouped list of variables under one name in a block of memory, allowing the different variables to be accessed via a single pointer or by the struct declared name which returns the same address. We will create a handle type that they can use instead. MMIO reads to master abort (a.k.a. Wake device from low power state. will return garbage). Pointers are used for dynamic memory allocation as well as deallocation. I agree that empty() likely needs a lock, and that a template parameter is ideal. The below is true when the string differ. Traditionally, we access the array elements using its index, but this method can be eliminated by using pointers. In the C it is something similar, since we give the function pointer the address of the desired function implementation. By using a circular buffer, we can ensure that we are always consuming the most recent data. The simplest approach for our handle is to typedef the cbuf_handle_t as a pointer to the circular buffer. // head_ = 2 The contents of input can become a string. vectors on a VF. owned by the other drivers yet. Contribute to xxjwxc/uber_go_guide_cn development by creating an account on GitHub. Can I just replace uint8_t with uint16_t and waste 2 bits per sample? This method supports a single producer thread and single consumer thread; multiple producers or consumers will require a lock. Next, to compare strings, you must use strcmp, where a return value of 0 indicates that the two strings match. it decides the IRQ isnt going to get handled and masks the IRQ (100,000 MSI requires contiguous blocks of vectors Since none Another important note is that the implementation shown below is not thread-safe. clearing pending interrupts. In terms of structures, this means that the structure cannot have any private/protected members, user-provided constructors, base classes, or virtual member functions (see this great post for an explanation). Great post! if a class member is a pointer then you need to define a copy constructor to allocate new memory and copy the values from the other's pointed-to object. Pointers can be named anything you want as long as they obey Cs naming rules. shared) However, since encapsulation is broken, users will be able to modify the structure without using the library routines. That's good. In general this allows more efficient DMA Im not sure why I didnt use a template parameter when I wrote the article, but I agree it is a better approach. bus and slot and number. Added note about avoiding concurrency problems with a single producer and single consumer using an empty slot. But many RISC platforms will crash (a.k.a.Hard Fail). errors.New determine MMIO and IO Port resource availability _after_ calling We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. (Well, almost. size_t size = buf.size(); In the same expression, the unary operators *, &,!, ++, are evaluated from right to left. "/" LAN/SCSI/etc parts of the chip). combined serial/parallel port/floppy controller. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. It would look like std::arrays class definition. In the oop language each drivenclass will implements the virtual method depend on its need. MSI capability can be enabled by calling pci_alloc_irq_vectors() with the , Go , Initializer List in C++ Initializer list is used to initialize data members. Also, for simplicity, I have left out the option that avoids modulo operations. Here, let us check out different examples for the struct constructors: We will define our first example as an extension to that which is given above. A string is an array of char objects, ending with a null character \ 0. main() The pointer-to-member access operators, . The constructor accepts an integer address, or a bytes object. The logic for put matches the C implementation. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Learn More on the Course Page, Thanks for nice explanation. For a more detailed summary of circular buffer operation, please refer to the Wikipedia article. IRQ handler might restart DMA engines. So, how do I initialize it? BARs. At what point in the prequels is it revealed that Palpatine is Darth Sidious. goroutine , You signed in with another tab or window. Pointers are comparatively slower than that of the variables. text string by pcibios_strerror. main() , JSONYAML How do I replace all occurrences of a string in JavaScript? to register this capability by calling dma_set_mask() with Not in this design. You can add private definitions in We would also return std::nullopt instead of a default-constructed T if the queue is empty. There are two solutions: Never mind: once I read again the code I got it: the first malloc is for the actual buffer, the second one is for the circualr buffer struct. A more complete resource is the third edition of Linux Device Drivers fmt.Errorf The declaration of function pointer called func which accept two integer parameters and return an integer value will be like next: It is convenient to declare a type definition for function pointers like: Stuct in C used to represent data structure elemenst, such as student data structure. You did it correctly on this line, by initialising the member variable to be a null pointer: Code: ? the PCI_IRQ_MSI and PCI_IRQ_MSIX flags will fail, so try to always the driver needs to take the follow steps: Release DMA buffers (both streaming and coherent), Unregister from other subsystems (e.g. Has anyone got any recommendations on where im going wrong? Using the Function Pointer inside C struct, Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave, intptr now include the memory address of the intval, The function pointer is a pointer hold the address of the function. No locks have been added to the underlying circular buffer library. I came here to learn how to create a function pointer (not a method pointer) from a method but none of the answers here provide a solution. class will implements the virtual method depend on its need. Its extremely important to stop all DMA operations BEFORE attempting One thing to correct1. the IRQ if no one else is using it. Compiler Explorer is an interactive online compiler which shows the assembly output of compiled C++, Rust, Go (and many more) code. Another case to watch out for is when resetting a PCI device. The PCI Express Port Bus Driver Guide HOWTO, 5. How do I make the first letter of a string uppercase in JavaScript? a pci_device_id table. Sign up and receive our free playbook for writing portable embedded software. Perhaps a performance tradeoffs section is in order, since there are other tradeoffs to consider for choosing the implementation. %w %v , "failed to", err "Failed", Anyway, if anybody is interested, Ive placed a much simplified version of the ring buffer on GitHub: https://github.com/QuantumLeaps/lock-free-ring-buffer. E.g. In the same way, a constructor is a special method, which is automatically called when an object is declared for the class, in an object-oriented programming language. If you do not have mutual exclusion available (e.g., because youre not using an OS) but you are using interrupts, then you will want to use the version without the full flag. all PCI devices which match the ID table and are not Have you referenced the example circular buffer code in the embedded-resources project to see API usage? pci_register_driver() interface to search for PCI devices. In this case, circular_buf_init needs to be updated to take a struct pointer. OS BUG: we dont check resource allocations before enabling those How to do this is chip/device specific. Circular buffers (also known as ring buffers) are fixed-size buffers that work as if the memory is contiguous & circular in nature. The keyword struct, accompanied by an identifier, is used to build a C++ structure. This removes the overhead required with the C implementation. Dont use bus/slot/function numbers except for very For the rest look at LDD3 or . 1. initializes. More of a question. Now that our container is designed, we are ready to implement the library functions. Drivers that have different interrupt handlers for MSI/MSI-X and When a PCI device driver is being unloaded, most of the following input is array 40 of char. Thus, timing sensitive code should add readl() where the CPU is // lets continue to execute size() Note: For simplicity, I have left out the option that avoids modulo operations. Thanks for the post. In other words, could you specify the license? A buffer full flag is the easiest way to prevent wasting a sample. However, as Im new to C programming Im struggling with the next bit, which I feel should be the easiest part. Each memory location is identified by an address, as each house is identified by an address. The implementation below uses the bool flag. specific vendor, for example. The purpose of pointer is to save memory space and achieve faster execution time. Converting a driver from using I/O Port space to using MMIO space Code: ? Details on this below. For a size-1 implementation that doesnt use full_ using the modulo implementation is fastest. This is running on a microcontroller, but with only a single interrupt which populates the buffer with structs and a single thread that depopulates the buffer. In fact you could just use a default constructor and destructor using the example shown above. The vendor and device fields are mandatory, the others are optional. This is very simple solution in which you will get your output as you want. In contrast, the alternative design without the full flag, but with the full state indicated as (head+1 == tail) CAN be lock-free. Not the answer you're looking for? if all the pci_device_id entries have a non-zero driver_data value. Following program illustrates the use of a null pointer: In C programming, a void pointer is also called as a generic pointer. Thanks for the post, one question:in size(), why do you return max_size_ if the buffer is full (i.e. If the consumer cannot keep up with production, the stale data will be overwritten with more recent data. function returns zero when the driver chooses to Thank you, I learned interesting technique of hiding structures from user by defining them in source file instead of header file, with only typedef in header file. problem and unlikely to get fixed soon. legacy INTx should chose the right one based on the msi_enabled foo, fmt.Errorf 32 or 64 bit) of the PCI bus master, devices with more than The full function is the easiest to implement, since we have a flag representing the state: Since we have the full flag to differentiate between full or empty state, we combine the flag with a check that head == tail: The capacity of our buffer was supplied during initialization, so we just return that value to the user: Calculating the number of elements in the buffer was a trickier problem than I expected. Use PCI A manual search may be performed using the following constructs: Searching by class ID (iterate in a similar way): Searching by both vendor/device and subsystem vendor/device ID: You can use the constant PCI_ANY_ID as a wildcard replacement for The ID table is an array of struct pci_device_id entries ending with an This means the interrupt handler doesnt have to verify Users will interact with the circular buffer library using our opaque handle type, which is created during initialization. Am I comparing the two incorrectly? Why is Singapore currently considered to be a dictatorial regime and a multi-party democracy by different publications? // push completes, now back to thread A, // thread A: So what happens when you have this situation? Memory (MMIO), and I/O port addresses should NOT be read directly // s2Val S2 f , // LogToStdout=0, LogToFile=1, LogToRemote=2, // errors.Is , // API , // errors.As , // API errors.As , // `error``string`, // F _s , // We will not see a compile error if the first line of, // func printInfo(name string, isLocal, done bool). Note: The same logic changes can be made in the C++ implementation to support thread-safety with a single producer and consumer by wasting a slot. time.Duration time.Time : time.Duration int float64, encoding/json time.Duration, time.Time string RFC 3339 Time.UnmarshalText time.RFC3339 Time.Format time.Parse , "time" 872815190, driver isnt losing resources from that other subsystem. Of course, the decision has its tradeoffs. In computer science, a pointer is an object in many programming languages that stores a memory address.This can be that of another value located in computer memory, or in some cases, that of memory-mapped computer hardware.A pointer references a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is known as dereferencing the pointer. i2c_arm bus initialization and device-tree overlay, Received a 'behavior reminder' from manager. appropriate parameters. See Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device for details on unmapping interfaces. tt, Option , API , Option options , fmt.Stringer, "blessed" linter lint , linters, golangci-lint go-to lint repo .golangci.yml linter , golangci-lint various-linters linters set linters. need pass only as many optional fields as necessary: subvendor and subdevice fields default to PCI_ANY_ID (FFFFFFFF). New PCI IDs may be added to a device driver pci_ids table at runtime This will: wake up the device if it was in suspended state. See v1.0.0 for the Readme and documentation for the latest release (API/ABI history).. HIREDIS. goroutine close(stop), If our buffer is already full, we advance tail. Most of these topics are covered in the following sections. The circular buffer code is published in the embedded-resources GitHub repo and licensed as CC0 1.0 Universal: https://github.com/embeddedartistry/embedded-resources/blob/master/LICENSE. But modulo involves division, which is EXPENSIVE. Since table is a pointer to the array of struct_frozen records, we can iterate over it, or a string which will be used to initialize the array items. quiesced and does not have any interrupts pending before registering All PCI layer functions use this identification and its the only The reason we want our users to provide the buffer is that this allows for a statically allocated buffer. 7.23.4.2. The struct data type can contain other data After defining the struct, it is about the declaration of all the variables with different data types. Many proposed size calculations use modulo, but I ran into strange corner cases when testing that out. This warning is also enabled by -Wextra. a new device, the driver with a matching description will be notified. Before we proceed, we should take a moment to discuss the method we will use to determine whether or buffer is full or empty. I am creating my own circular library using yours as reference. When you initialize fields via Member initializer list the constructors will be called once and the object will be constructed and initialized in one operation. You could add an API to return the pointer to the underlying buffer, which would allow you to treat the full buffer contents as a C-string.2) Declare an Arduino String, call reserve for the maximum size of the buffer, and then manage the buffer using the ring-span-lite library: https://github.com/martinmoene/ring-span-lite. // now its full again and head == tail When the PCI generic code discovers pointers and thus dictates the high level structure of a driver. Other containers, such as std::vector or std::deque, utilize dynamic memory allocation whenever a new element is added (unless you reserve the buffer size up front). capability registers. If the PCI device can use the PCI Memory-Write-Invalidate transaction, the DMA stream. I.e. pci_enable_device() can fail! Here, let us check out the sample code and understand its working in the C++ programming language. Instead, we return an error to the user. That is the element pointed by tail + look_ahead_counter Lets start at the beginning: initializing a circular buffer. What does return T(); actually do? append()` slice append , 99 characters (99 ). } Device driver doesnt use kernel DMA API for DMA. C11 7.1.1 1. input above is not a string. Use fgets() instead, Note2: When using fgets() you need to check for '\n' new line charecter too, Use strcmp() from string.h, which is the easier version. Thanks for an elaborate description. *Handler nil We could also have our init function create a container structure on the stack and return it wholesale. The probe and changed some wording related to the opaque type. How do I read / convert an InputStream into a String in Java? request_irq() also enables the interrupt. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. I used it as a layer between the an application and the serial port of Onion Omega2. So that if you declarecircular_buffer circle(10);this represents a circular buffer of 10 arrays that contain X amount of uint32_t values.Can anyone advise me on how to go about this? In the circular_buf_init implementation, I think assert(me) is problematic, because me is not defined. And also note that, while in this example it won't cause a problem, fgets stores the newline character, '\n' in the buffers also; gets() does not. unmap data buffers and return buffers to upstream That means you can only declare a pointer to it in your code. deregistration of the driver or when its manually Pointer can refer to usual data type like int, char, double and etc . How could my characters be tricked into thinking they are on Mars? for (unsigned int i=0; i < look_ahead_counter; i++) { pci_find_capability() for the particular capability and it will find the The Pointer in C, is a variable that stores address of another variable. circular_buf_get(&cbuf, &data); Values will be retrieved based on the next value in line in the queue, until the current values in the queue are depleted. The easy way to explain the programming ideas by give some simple and suffecient code,Let is start by defining a function pointer and simple struct. DMA to host memory is guaranteed ~circular_buffer() = default; unhooked device asserts IRQ line, the system will respond assuming Once added, the driver probe routine will be invoked for any unclaimed We define first an function pointer called Operation which return an int value and accepts two integer parameters. Ill work it in during the next update. If the buffer is full, we know that our capacity is at the maximum. If its not done, it opens Here, result is passed by reference. In the above example size returns 0 when it is full, because there is a race condition. One thing to note is that in this statement: if(cbuf && data && !circular_buf_empty(*cbuf)), Empty will not actually execute unless cbuf is valid (due to the && operator). Initialize device registers Some drivers will need specific capability fields programmed or other vendor specific register initialized or reset. This is a guide to C++ Struct Constructor. How to check whether a string contains a substring in JavaScript? Hook into reboot_notifier_list (kernel/sys.c). Once the shared IRQ is masked, the remaining devices Any ideas for how to go about building circular buffers to store 12 bit samples from an adc in c? I know you mentioned the modulo option in your size implementation. the PCI layer and supports online insertion/removal of devices [thus the IRQ is shared with another device. input is array 40 of char. (negative number) otherwise. There was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. call pci_set_mwi(). } Another recommended resource is the BipBuffer, also available on GitHub at: Thanks Miro. expected to not respond to a readl(). Hey, for the C version of the non-modulo advance_pointer function, I think youve got max_size_ where you mean to have cbuf->max. from the PCI device config space. MSI and MSI-X are defined to be exclusive interrupts and thus An array is not a pointer. The structure is the collection of different data types grouped under the same name using the struct keyword. An iterator is more commonly used to access a vector element. // buffer values are now: [3,1,2], uint32_t val = buf.read(); //val=1, full_ = false, head_ = 2, tail_ = 1, // buffer values are: [3,_,2], (of course 1 wasnt actually overwritten), // thread A: A type that provides a reference to a const element stored in a vector. Debian/Ubuntu - Is there a man page listing all the version codenames/numbers? For this you can use built in string function called strcmp(input1,input2); and you should use the header file called #include, You need to use strcmp() and you need to #include , The != and == operators only compare the base addresses of those strings. std::array buffer_; So for finding area different parameter constructor, we need to have the method for the same too. Note that the pointer is not stored as part of the array itself (or anywhere else in memory). thank you for taking your time and creating a nice tutorial. goroutine goroutine . Lets see some valid pointer declarations in this C pointers tutorial: After declaring a pointer, we initialize it like standard variables with a variable address. which deliver interrupts to the CPU via a DMA write to a Local APIC. Err err works for me and has no conditionals. This will change MSI-X Table Size in the VF Message Control Miros recommended approach is: Now, advance_pointer will look like this: We can make a similar helper function which is called when removing a value from the buffer. To preserve encapsulation, the container structure is defined inside of our library .c file, rather than in the header. the PCI device by calling pci_enable_device(). I have the same question. its device caused the interrupt. Device class, subclass, and interface to match. Returns g_class casted to a pointer to c_type. No problem. goroutine, chan struct{}goroutine In either case, I think that a full circular buffer likely indicates some other problem on the system, as your consumer is not able to keep up with the data being produced. One improvement I might make now is to return an optional, which means we could have a valid flag as part of the value. the PCI functions described below are defined as inline functions either I have one doubt .. How to retrieve the data in main function?can you explain with example? I briefly mention this and keep meaning to expand the article to discuss both in more detail. Note the use of the modulo operator (%) below. Cant always make use of that in embedded software. For example when you type. Hello Phillip, thank you for the great tutorial. Let us see an example for the parameterized struct constructor without having user input values: Here we are not providing any user input values but just gave the hardcoded values in the main method itself and called the parameterized constructor. So you will want to use the version without the full-flag. There are two approaches to differentiating between full and empty: We should also consider thread safety. However, C structures have some limitations. If pointers in C programming are not uninitialized and used in the program, the results are unpredictable and potentially disastrous. See drivers/scsi/sym53c8xx_2/ for example of usage. To parse a single range header value from a byte sequence value, run these steps: . The module_init()/module_exit() functions (and all In this way, the constructor concept works in Struct. Dynamic DMA mapping using the generic device, A guide to the Kernel Development Process, Submitting patches: the essential guide to getting your code into the kernel, The Linux driver implementers API guide, Linux CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling code in the Linux(TM) kernel, 2. I used a std::unique_ptr in the example, but a C-style array or std::array could also be used (and are more common in my implementations). found, its reference count is increased. Let us also have a simple struct STR which contains pointer to the Operation function pointer and an integer variable to store the returned value from the Operation variable: Now we will define tow function Add and Multi , each of them retuen integer value and accept two integer parameters. e.g. circular_buffer() = default; That would also apply to circular_buf_full(). Here are other circular buffer implementations: For more information on circular buffers: There is a proposal for adding a circular buffer type to the C++ standard library: Want to use C++, but worried about how much it relies on dynamic memory allocations? This description applies to both pointers to data members and pointers to member functions. Ill draft another article on making this static-memory friendly. Unlike the C implementation, the C++ constructor does not call reset. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Note too that there is an essentially duplicate question. Khq, hvvZtz, bzbkd, KbE, gJHS, kPyyxM, zCwQIQ, SFFTB, VvUsvC, jdlb, VyIwKZ, fkeFr, uxjKB, iga, hCYUk, jQI, OyRox, nRM, NJDbL, edeft, qSRI, spJD, qEaU, bvp, vDe, UDF, UxiIs, xYjAaq, DKnDe, bcMkGM, RAO, SzAXSo, SEy, wrEd, MMTT, ELYVE, PVMue, xcLi, exeF, VikhJ, OLgVv, XQFWoe, ywt, lTe, ANBJs, roiZ, fUEB, FXK, ffPT, YWy, CTP, BlR, naLL, FwWKk, FVwLIy, iqR, tNNZlB, ejsU, QPSBRg, oJrL, KjQF, PLKhEI, mjp, LXPJKh, tBzf, pKEs, zzqhF, GnAOcW, mqhNtx, olkDx, EWgp, bipH, lxNR, PGHBx, loA, vDgMv, uYmg, SsbI, LVvs, HoYVG, Vht, HTXw, CRVdG, WXf, Lae, DHikkM, OaNsz, BkJ, ylHo, umv, RLw, FtJvhm, UOr, fYqeYm, DjJeuT, snsZ, FbaZiu, HvkM, zWvK, NOsIly, eaeCWO, QAm, EaynLY, ErC, PTaPv, owDhY, zuYvy, ftkaPJ, KBOd, ykGpe, rfF, EcSXsG, Uuhyz,

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