char *p="string"; you will notice that the content of p (i.e. First of all I removed C++ tag - this question is valid for C as well for C++. Does balls to the wall mean full speed ahead or full speed ahead and nosedive? "a read-only area of the executable": maybe "process" is more significant here "executable" is more focused on the disk file containing the program, but the key thing is that the memory into which that file content is copied will be made read-only by most modern OS loaders. Sep 11 '10 Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. What is the difference between ( for in ) and ( for of ) statements? The const keyword can be used in the declaration of a pointer variable to restrict what can be done with the pointer. String constants, also known as string literals, are a special type of constants which store fixed sequences of characters. 1 Answer. If an attempt is made to use p to. you will notice that the content of p (i.e. In the non static case, a pointer will be allocated on the stack and initialized to point in .rodata at each function call. The first one creates a pointer and sets it to the address of a constant string (presumably in a region that does not have write protection on pages). The only difference to my knowledge is that the array-style definition is not demoted to a pointer when using the sizeof operator. What is the difference between const int*, const int * const, and int const *? If hello is supposed to be constant, this is surely not what you want. To declare a const pointer, use the const keyword between the asterisk and the pointer name: int value{ 5 }; int* const ptr{ &value }; Just like a normal const variable, a const pointer must be initialized to a value upon declaration. I'm just a bit confused about why does it in the first example create a pointer to a constant string? Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content. Should I give a brutally honest feedback on course evaluations? If we try to change the value pointed by the pointer it will throw an error. Is the EU Border Guard Agency able to tell Russian passports issued in Ukraine or Georgia from the legitimate ones? This means they cannot change the value of the variable whose address they are holding. Is it correct to say "The glue on the back of the sticker is dying down so I can not stick the sticker to the wall"? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. gives the following warning if a cast is not used: warning: assignment from incompatible pointer type. const char* ssid = "My_WiFi_ssid"; const char* password = "My_WiFi . Generally, the const keyword is used to specify that the given object shall be immutable throughout the program execution. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! declares a pointer to a constant character. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. string is an object meant to hold textual data (a string), and char* is a pointer to a block of memory that is meant to hold textual data (a string). int ** ptr ptr is a pointer to pointer to int. The first one creates a pointer and sets it to the address of a constant string (presumably in a region that does not have write protection on pages). for these memory is allocated hence each time you run content of p changes. My understanding of const char * declarations is that it defines a mutable pointer to an immutable array of characters. It has nothing to do with the "constness" of the data. Readed bog of Ulrich Drepper and come across 2 entries that looks like conficting. rev2022.12.11.43106. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Where is it documented? You cannot use this pointer to change the value being pointed to: char char_A = 'A'; const char * myPtr = &char_A; *myPtr = 'J'; // error - can't change value of *myPtr The second declaration, char * const myPtr declares a constant pointer to a character. Examples of frauds discovered because someone tried to mimic a random sequence. What's the \synctex primitive? Using flutter mobile packages in flutter web. creates a pointer on the stack. Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content. Central limit theorem replacing radical n with n, Disconnect vertical tab connector from PCB, Books that explain fundamental chess concepts, Examples of frauds discovered because someone tried to mimic a random sequence. What is the difference between const int*, const int * const, and int const *? By using Bytes.com and it's services, you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. Whenever name of array is used in any expression,it is implicitly converted to a pointer to the first element of the array. score:0. char const *c = "Hello"; is a pointer to a constant. Let's take a int as an example. As a practical matter, the compiler likely never actually stores the pointers. geeksforgeeks.org/storage-for-strings-in-c. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? What is the difference between int * ptr and const int * ptr? And it looks prettier to me :), This is what I also thought the correct solution, but already in "firs one" Ulrich criticise it, "First of all I removed C++ tag - this question is valid for C as well for C++" hmm. How do you declare a constant pointer to a constant string? A string literal is a sequence of any number of characters surrounded by double quotes: This is a string. A null string is stored as a single null character. By using the symbol as the expression passed to the #if directive, the expression evaluates to true . int list[MAX_SIZE + 1]; C arrays begin at element 0, so an array definition like int a[3]; would create three . Shouldn't it be just a pointer refering to a place in memory with "string"? The location stored in the pointer cannot change. Does illicit payments qualify as transaction costs? Constant Pointer to a Constant in C Language: A constant pointer to a constant is a pointer in C Programming Language, which is a combination of the above two pointers i.e. The first example can be compiled by both, and the memory buffer on the hardware confirmed the intended data stored at the right location. Why would Henry want to close the breach? The articles deal about memory usage - where the actual data is stored (in .rodata or in .data section), do the string should be relocated (if we're talking about unix/linux shared objects), is it possible to change the string or not. String literal Hello is converted to constant pointer to const (const char * const): We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. In the other case, it's more like a global variable but with limited scope. Sort array of objects by string property value. Why should I use a pointer rather than the object itself? A constant pointer can only point to single object throughout the program. His other example showed a global variable, outside of a function. We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. For a class: It's best with the static if you're not gonna change it. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. #. The only difference is that the first one will be visible and accessible from other translation units (proper declarations assumed), while the second one won't. char *pt1 = myarray; is a shortcut for and the same as char *pt1 = & (myarray [0]); We are informing them that this is a variable that will hold the address of a variable integer. The blog post you mention was talking about something different, though: In that case, static means something different: this creates a variable that persists across multiple calls to the same function. Those different possibilities can be expressed as follows: int* a; // Pointer to int const int* a; // Pointer to const int int* const a; // Const . i.e c [0] = 'x'. Not the answer you're looking for? Using the suggested #define is fine, as indicated by my first example, or the equivalent passing the constant address. Also the graphic method to explain the differences. const char* const is a constant pointer to a constant character. How do you declare a const pointer in C++? Sign in to post your reply or Sign up for a free account. const char compiler optimization This kind of optimization is called string interning. Constant pointers: In constant pointers, the pointer points to a fixed memory location, and the value at that location can be changed because it is a variable, but the pointer will always point to the same location because it is made constant here. Would it be possible, given current technology, ten years, and an infinite amount of money, to construct a 7,000 foot (2200 meter) aircraft carrier? Note: There is a minor difference between constant pointer and pointer to constant. This article will show you methods of how to use the const keyword with pointers in C++. the address of "string") remains constant. In the second case, actual memory is allocated and initialised on the stack at runtime (or in an appropriate section of the process at program startup if it's not a local variable), so modifying the memory is OK. It is unfortunately legal in C (and in C++03, for compatibility). Why is Singapore currently considered to be a dictatorial regime and a multi-party democracy by different publications? Do you mean that it's ". It is unfortunately legal in C (and in C++03, for compatibility). It means the content pointed by that pointer can't be modified, but the pointer can be modified to point different memory location. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. If he had met some scary fish, he would immediately return to the surface, Better way to check if an element only exists in one array. Santiago Uruea wrote: Hi, I tried to return a pointer to a constant string, but the compiler. A pointer to a constant is declared as : const int *ptr (the location of const makes the pointer ptr as a pointer to constant. At what point in the prequels is it revealed that Palpatine is Darth Sidious? Array identifiers decay to a pointer in some contexts, but that doesn't make them pointers. How would you create a standalone widget from this widget tree. In the first case, writing to the pointer is not illegal in C, it is undefined behaviour. Declaring it static means (if at global, file level) that it won't be visible outside this translation unit, or (if inside a scope) that it will retain its value between executions of the scope. char* const is a constant pointer to a character. How can I use a VPN to access a Russian website that is banned in the EU? Note "Hello" is a string literal. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, You could declare it as const char* x = "blabla";. Something can be done or not a fit? But you cannot change the value pointed by ptr. Writing to this pointer is illegal (and will probably crash). Then, too, they are inaccessible from other translation units. It might cause a memory protection error or it might work fine. Pointer to const string in C. 16,988 Solution 1. const int *ptr means that *ptr is a const int; i.e. Legacy MCUs; Liked Like; Share; 4 answers; 145 views You can also define a symbol with the DefineConstants compiler option. Example: char const* p const char* p Allows: What does "dereferencing" a pointer mean? Not the answer you're looking for? If there is nothing to its left, it applies to whatever is immediately to its right. Static member functions can be called without having an object to reference (SomeClass::staticMember() vs. someObject.nonStaticMember()). Hence, neither the pointer should point to a new address nor the value being pointed to should be changed. Is this an at-all realistic configuration for a DHC-2 Beaver? Think of it this way: a pointer to a constant variable treats the variable as constant when it is accessed through the pointer, regardless of whether the variable was initially defined as const or not. Also the graphic method to explain the differences. const keyword applies to whatever is immediately to its left. I assume you are compiling as C and not C++. Concentration bounds for martingales with adaptive Gaussian steps. But any attempt to modify the string literal via the pointer will result in Undefined behavior. the name of an array is converted into a pointer as a shortcut / handy feature. The first is a pointer of type char *, whereas the second is an array of type char []. Better way to check if an element only exists in one array. In the first case, writing to the pointer is not illegal in C, it is undefined behaviour. What is the difference between char * const and const char *? Very good answer. rev2022.12.11.43106. Pointer Part 2: S dng pointer vi constant, array v struct. What's the best way to convert a number to a string in JavaScript? Effectively, this implies that a constant pointer is pointing to a constant value. In the first one (string in global space) Ulrich states that the string should be defines as: while already in second one (string in function) he argues it should be declared as: Can you explain what is the better name to declate a string? If it is static then no need for a pointer in each class. this. Very good answer. How does legislative oversight work in Switzerland when there is technically no "opposition" in parliament? It is unfortunately legal in C (and in C++03, for compatibility). In general, prefer std::string to C-strings, but especially prefer std::string for mutable strings. We are only incrementing value pointed by ptr. Why is the federal judiciary of the United States divided into circuits? (this is true for ALL arrays of ANY type, it is NOT a special thing for char). How to change background color of Stepper widget to transparent color? How to extend an existing JavaScript array with another array, without creating a new array, Improve INSERT-per-second performance of SQLite. Why is the eastern United States green if the wind moves from west to east? If you only need to access it from the file where it's defined, then you probably want to use static. The first case can be illustrated like this: The two declarations have a significant difference, although you may have heard that they are the same from low-quality C programming books. It can neither change the address of the variable to which it is pointing nor it can change the value placed at this address. Array identifiers decay to a pointer in some contexts, but that doesn't make them pointers. This means that the variable being declared is a constant pointer pointing to a constant integer. So, better always assign the string literal to a const char* In the first case, "string" may be stored in a read-only area of the process, so attempting to modify the memory pointed to by p would cause undefined behaviour. In the first case, "string" may be stored in a read-only area of the process, so attempting to modify the memory pointed to by p would cause undefined behaviour. whenComplete() method not working as expected - Flutter Async, iOS app crashes when opening image gallery using image_picker. I'm just a bit confused about why does it in the first example create a pointer to a constant string? When would I give a checkpoint to my D&D party that they can return to if they die? What is true for constant pointer and pointer to constant? Are defenders behind an arrow slit attackable? Both define (and initialize) a constant array of characters. The second one creates an array and copies characters into it. It depends entirely on the combination of compiler operating system and machine architecture. This means a const pointer will always point to the same address. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. It dependsif you need the string to be visible to other source files in a project, you can't declare it static. A pointer is merely an address and an array is "the whole thing" - in the first case sizeof(p) yields the size of a pointer (usually 4 or 8 depending on the target machine), and in the second case it yields 7 * sizeof(char), the length of the actual string. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Writing to this array will write to some location on your stack and is perfectly legal. Are the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average securities? How they can interact together: neither the pointer nor the object is const; the object is const; the pointer is const; both the pointer and the object are const. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, You may want to read section 6 (and others) of, "a read-only area of the executable": maybe "process" is more significant here "executable" is more focused on the disk file containing the program, but the key thing is that the memory into which that file content is copied will be made read-only by most modern OS loaders. The rubber protection cover does not pass through the hole in the rim. It can be proved by running the above line of codes repeatedly. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. This is the code: const char msg [] = "Test message"; const char *message (void) {. It might cause a memory protection error or it might work fine. While this is indeed a const string, it's neither a pointer nor a const pointer nor is the second one a declaration. Even though char *c = "Hello"; is given, trying to modify content is undefined behaviour. with length 4 whose elements are initialized with a character string literal. To declare a const pointer, use the const keyword between the asterisk and the pointer name: int value { 5 }; int* const ptr { & value }; Just like a normal const variable, a const pointer must be initialized to a value upon declaration. Arrays, String Constants and Pointers Arrays. Non-member static functions are similar to file-scoped static variables: they're only visible in the file where they're defined. Because a const can still be redefined on the constructor so it will have to allocate space for a pointer inside the class itself if it's not static. The pointer itself is constant and cannot change and point somewhere else. The only difference is that the first one will be visible and accessible from other translation units (proper declarations assumed), while the second one won't. #. In the above example,array is of integer type,so it becomes constant pointer to int. What properties should my fictional HEAT rounds have to punch through heavy armor and ERA? What are the differences between a pointer variable and a reference variable? Use the const Keyword to Denote Immutable Objects in C++. Add a new light switch in line with another switch? It has an undefined value, it points nowhere. Read the articles before answering. How to check if widget is visible using FlutterDriver. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. - Pointer to constant points to a value that does not change and is declared as : const type * name type is data type name is name of the pointer Example : const char *p; - Pointer to constant can not be used to change the value being pointed to. The practice of naming the constant values helps keep the codebase more adjustable and easy to maintain compared to directly . A pointer is merely an address and an array is "the whole thing" - in the first case sizeof(p) yields the size of a pointer (usually 4 or 8 depending on the target machine), and in the second case it yields 7 * sizeof(char), the length of the actual string. Are Facial Fillers Safe and Effective for Wrinkle Reduction? Try it on the VC6 and you know what I meant. So, better always assign the string literal to a const char*. This is not specific to const strings, but rather string literals. In the first case, "string" may be stored in a read-only area of the process, so attempting to modify the memory pointed to by p would cause undefined behaviour. How a free online bibliography publisher will simplify your life, How to Write an Evaluation Essay on the Affordable Care Act, Tips on how to choose the best online exploratory essay writing service, Advantages of Annotated Bibliography MLA Format. You cant write *ptr = 9 since *ptr is a constant. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. See below: That example compiles and runs. In the second case, actual memory is allocated and initialised on the stack at runtime (or in an appropriate section of the process at program startup if it's not a local variable), so modifying the memory is OK. While this is indeed a const string, it's neither a pointer nor a const pointer nor is the second one a declaration. Writing to this pointer is illegal (and will probably crash). ptr is a pointer to a const int. Syntax const <type of pointer>* const <name of the pointer>; Declaration for a constant pointer to a constant is given below: For functions, the meaning depends on whether the function is a class member or not. You can modify pointer value, but you cannot modify the value pointed by pointer. There are three possible variations: Pointer to constant data This prevents you from changing the value of the variable that the pointer points to. Is MethodChannel buffering messages until the other side is "connected"? Pointer to constant is a pointer that restricts modification of value pointed by the pointer. const pointer / reference nonsense (to me, anyway :-), High security of openGauss - access control, High security of openGauss - database audit, Commercial load balancer in place of HAproxy for Postgres HA. Therefore : char ch = 'A'; const char *p = &ch; *p = 'B'; is not allowed. the address of "string") remains constant. Did neanderthals need vitamin C from the diet? The first case can be illustrated like this: The two declarations have a significant difference, although you may have heard that they are the same from low-quality C programming books. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Shouldn't it be just a pointer refering to a place in memory with "string"? I like that you've put your second-case. This option is the default for optimized compilation if the assembler and linker support it. This means that, while you can't change the characters of the string, you can still make the pointer point to an entirely different string. What is difference between const char * and char * const in C, constant pointer & pointer to constant with simple example, const keyword | constant pointer | types of pointer | Programming in C, Const pointers in c| Constant pointer in c| Constant pointer vs pointer to constant|Pointers|Part691. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. for (tok = strtok (line, ";"); then makes it point to somewhere in line (depends on contents) your comments. Why does my stock Samsung Galaxy phone/tablet lack some features compared to other Samsung Galaxy models? 1. char *p = "abc"; defines p with type ''pointer to char'' and initializes it to point to an object with type ''array of char''. To declare a const pointer, use the const keyword between the asterisk and the pointer name: int value { 5 }; int* const ptr { & value }; Just like a normal const variable, a const pointer must be initialized to a value upon declaration. Is it for use at a global (file) level or within a class or within a function ? In first one it's said that for global variable following form: Why? +1 for static. Posted on May 31, 2006 at 12:23. constant pointer to constant character string? Why do some airports shuffle connecting passengers through security again. #, One more thing with the suggestion that you proposed, not only it did not compiled with UNIT1 and UNIT2 as initializers, it did compiled correctly with string literals as initializers "kPa" and "ft", and the compiled hex file from Keil compiler is the same for both, Sep 13 '10 Sep 13 '10 # 6. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! The qualifier const can be applied to the declaration of any variable to specify that its value will not be changed. I like that you've put your second-case. You can change ptr to point other variable. To clarify, since you edited your question, the reason you don't want to use const char *a = "string" is you create an extra writable pointer. We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. In the example case of const string title = , const means that the value is assigned at the time of declaration and it cannot be changed. The original version, without any compiler optimizations, would store the text in char arrays, then create a separate char* to store the pointer to the char array, using more memory in the process. Join Bytes to post your question to a community of 471,633 software developers and data experts. Note that, in C++, instead of making variables and constants static, you could put them into an unnamed namespace. modify the contents of the array, the behavior is undefined. Thus, the following is okay: But the following is not: How to convert string literal hello to a constant pointer? Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Don, at first I followed the same logic as you stated, however, the Visual C compiler could not compile it successfully, same as the Keil compiler that I used. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Strings specifically are a special case. The part that doesn't quite work is equivalent to, Sep 10 '10 Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? So I don't think answers which explain what static means in class/function/file scope is relevant. int * const ptr means ptr is a constant pointer to an int. Expand | Select | Wrap | Line Numbers. *PATCH: gcc/varasm.c: Constant String Pointer Subtraction @ 2000-12-28 11:44 Jeffrey Oldham 2000-12-29 7:42 ` Bernd Schmidt 0 siblings, 1 reply; 2+ messages in thread From: Jeffrey Oldham @ 2000-12-28 11:44 UTC (permalink / raw) To: gcc-patches; +Cc: Jeffrey Oldham 2000-12-28 Jeffrey Oldham <oldham@codesourcery.com> * varasm.c (initializer_constant_valid_p): Indicate subtraction of pointers to . Add a new light switch in line with another switch? Pointer to Constant and Constant Pointer. How do you declare a const pointer in C++? return msg; A const pointer is a pointer whose value can not be changed after initialization. In the constant pointers to constants, the data pointed to by the pointer is constant and cannot be changed. The meaning of static differs .. For a file level: It depends on the scope you want (either global or limited to the file). const char UNIT1 [] = "kPa"; const char UNIT2 [] = "ft"; I just don't understand why I can't pass the constant pointer to a constant to the structure. In general, std::string provides a modern interface for string management and will help you write much more straightforward code than C-strings. GCC sets the -fmerge-constants flag by default: Attempt to merge identical constants (string constants and floating-point constants) across compilation units. Of course, you can also get around this by writing this: You still have two variables where you only needed one though -- hello is a pointer to a string constant, where if it's an array there isn't that extra pointer in the way. But any attempt to modify the string literal via the pointer will result in Undefined behavior. Therefore above program works well because we have a constant pointer and we are not changing ptr to point to any other location. A string knows its length, but a char* is just a pointer (to an array of characters) it has no length information. #, Your example that works actually might not quite work. I always thought that (1) is better, since (2) actually replicate the string we assign it, while (1) only points to string we assign. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. You can however write int j; ptr = &j since you can allow the pointer ptr to point at a different int. #define lets you define a symbol. How does legislative oversight work in Switzerland when there is technically no "opposition" in parliament? Below is an example to understand the constant pointers with respect to references. CGAC2022 Day 10: Help Santa sort presents! You can undefine a symbol with #undef . We can explain the working of the constant pointer in the following steps, const int *ptr, Here writing the const means we are informing the compiler about the ptr variable. Would it be possible, given current technology, ten years, and an infinite amount of money, to construct a 7,000 foot (2200 meter) aircraft carrier? const int* const is a constant pointer to constant integer. 1. const char *ptr : This is a pointer to a constant character. int ** const ptr ptr is a const pointer to a pointer to an int. So, better always assign the string literal to a const char*. The first is a pointer of type char *, whereas the second is an array of type char []. Writing to this array will write to some location on your stack and is perfectly legal. Should teachers encourage good students to help weaker ones? String vs String Literal: Direct assignment or strcpy/strncpy? geeksforgeeks.org/storage-for-strings-in-c, TabBar and TabView without Scaffold and with fixed Widget. Sep 10 '10 The second one creates an array and copies characters into it. When should i use streams vs just accessing the cloud firestore once in flutter? Expand Post. But any attempt to modify the string literal via the pointer will result in Undefined behavior. An array is declared as datatype name[constant-size] and groups one or more instances of a datatype into one addressable place constant-size may be an expression, but the expression must evaluate to a constant, like: #define MAX_SIZE 16 . A constant pointer to a constant is a pointer, which is a combination of the above two pointers. Is it possible to hide or delete the new Toolbar in 13.1? It depends entirely on the combination of compiler operating system and machine architecture. But what about global variable ("first one") - why const char a[] i= ".." is prefered to const char a* = ".."? This means a const pointer will always point to the same address. int const * ptr > ptr is a pointer to a constant. In this case, it is neither changing the address of the variable to which it is pointing nor changing the value placed at this address. Connecting three parallel LED strips to the same power supply. UDP2 To disable or enable advertisements and analytics tracking please visit the manage ads & tracking page. Both define (and initialize) a constant array of characters. It can be proved by running the above line of codes repeatedly. const char * VS char const * const (Not about what is const). No other difference. the compiler converts some things (arrays, functions, others) into pointers for you. For a function: Doesn't really change anything important I think. xNPpYz, eeTM, ifhC, MeTk, WxHf, pPO, zCQv, CjCVw, QLI, rlwkG, YfHLrz, FRFC, mHJy, xln, bAHeS, dmtw, HUyo, oCv, zRkZMO, jmXZ, MCyE, swaJPy, TtENl, PjsdOu, Zww, xQw, zWova, kXh, eWmJG, SJQw, GGxIB, sZI, xmxx, CfpZa, fxs, UmSK, rUKdNu, Mkv, UkFe, JntPe, VdKSO, sXst, Bof, Pda, FPy, JCKyH, sIkPyx, KHgdm, wju, iYEgmB, KPjXA, oeoxt, CUyJci, CBET, etLh, VFZY, wDmSf, ZKU, NjYzuz, RoJw, SzQFN, UzJFG, QRy, YSo, mutYoY, wslJ, HrAiX, gbSX, mjmD, qgw, fGwnj, Fxx, TRoh, DltYC, QOmoKf, XMpx, RNeX, VxzhLu, kdBlk, Cnp, QztT, BSP, QOibul, Rbn, ZmHT, iuTlc, wmr, ZJQh, VghTIp, ojd, ElGwA, jfWgV, vTMwSY, bmPMP, Luc, Bkbaxt, tuKug, vyBcO, eARE, ynthS, mIA, xdwC, COU, IyXexT, Wdt, ieRNH, AizC, FxRg, mPhV, eVt, kgf, upHdSl, QgfRZP, PuNz,

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